T-2 Toxin—The Most Toxic Trichothecene Mycotoxin: Metabolism, Toxicity, and Decontamination Strategies
Among trichothecenes, T-2 toxin is the most toxic fungal secondary metabolite produced by different <i>Fusarium</i> species. Moreover, T-2 is the most common cause of poisoning that results from the consumption of contaminated cereal-based food and feed reported among humans and animals....
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2021
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oai:doaj.org-article:a41f9e22b3c843b3a577eb72dcf2a64d2021-11-25T18:27:57ZT-2 Toxin—The Most Toxic Trichothecene Mycotoxin: Metabolism, Toxicity, and Decontamination Strategies10.3390/molecules262268681420-3049https://doaj.org/article/a41f9e22b3c843b3a577eb72dcf2a64d2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/22/6868https://doaj.org/toc/1420-3049Among trichothecenes, T-2 toxin is the most toxic fungal secondary metabolite produced by different <i>Fusarium</i> species. Moreover, T-2 is the most common cause of poisoning that results from the consumption of contaminated cereal-based food and feed reported among humans and animals. The food and feed most contaminated with T-2 toxin is made from wheat, barley, rye, oats, and maize. After exposition or ingestion, T-2 is immediately absorbed from the alimentary tract or through the respiratory mucosal membranes and transported to the liver as a primary organ responsible for toxin's metabolism. Depending on the age, way of exposure, and dosage, intoxication manifests by vomiting, feed refusal, stomach necrosis, and skin irritation, which is rarely observed in case of mycotoxins intoxication. In order to eliminate T-2 toxin, various decontamination techniques have been found to mitigate the concentration of T-2 toxin in agricultural commodities. However, it is believed that 100% degradation of this toxin could be not possible. In this review, T-2 toxin toxicity, metabolism, and decontamination strategies are presented and discussed.Edyta JanikMarcin NiemcewiczMarcin PodogrockiMichal CeremugaMaksymilian StelaMichal BijakMDPI AGarticletrichothecenestype AT-2 toxintoxicitymetabolismdecontaminationOrganic chemistryQD241-441ENMolecules, Vol 26, Iss 6868, p 6868 (2021) |
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trichothecenes type A T-2 toxin toxicity metabolism decontamination Organic chemistry QD241-441 |
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trichothecenes type A T-2 toxin toxicity metabolism decontamination Organic chemistry QD241-441 Edyta Janik Marcin Niemcewicz Marcin Podogrocki Michal Ceremuga Maksymilian Stela Michal Bijak T-2 Toxin—The Most Toxic Trichothecene Mycotoxin: Metabolism, Toxicity, and Decontamination Strategies |
| description |
Among trichothecenes, T-2 toxin is the most toxic fungal secondary metabolite produced by different <i>Fusarium</i> species. Moreover, T-2 is the most common cause of poisoning that results from the consumption of contaminated cereal-based food and feed reported among humans and animals. The food and feed most contaminated with T-2 toxin is made from wheat, barley, rye, oats, and maize. After exposition or ingestion, T-2 is immediately absorbed from the alimentary tract or through the respiratory mucosal membranes and transported to the liver as a primary organ responsible for toxin's metabolism. Depending on the age, way of exposure, and dosage, intoxication manifests by vomiting, feed refusal, stomach necrosis, and skin irritation, which is rarely observed in case of mycotoxins intoxication. In order to eliminate T-2 toxin, various decontamination techniques have been found to mitigate the concentration of T-2 toxin in agricultural commodities. However, it is believed that 100% degradation of this toxin could be not possible. In this review, T-2 toxin toxicity, metabolism, and decontamination strategies are presented and discussed. |
| format |
article |
| author |
Edyta Janik Marcin Niemcewicz Marcin Podogrocki Michal Ceremuga Maksymilian Stela Michal Bijak |
| author_facet |
Edyta Janik Marcin Niemcewicz Marcin Podogrocki Michal Ceremuga Maksymilian Stela Michal Bijak |
| author_sort |
Edyta Janik |
| title |
T-2 Toxin—The Most Toxic Trichothecene Mycotoxin: Metabolism, Toxicity, and Decontamination Strategies |
| title_short |
T-2 Toxin—The Most Toxic Trichothecene Mycotoxin: Metabolism, Toxicity, and Decontamination Strategies |
| title_full |
T-2 Toxin—The Most Toxic Trichothecene Mycotoxin: Metabolism, Toxicity, and Decontamination Strategies |
| title_fullStr |
T-2 Toxin—The Most Toxic Trichothecene Mycotoxin: Metabolism, Toxicity, and Decontamination Strategies |
| title_full_unstemmed |
T-2 Toxin—The Most Toxic Trichothecene Mycotoxin: Metabolism, Toxicity, and Decontamination Strategies |
| title_sort |
t-2 toxin—the most toxic trichothecene mycotoxin: metabolism, toxicity, and decontamination strategies |
| publisher |
MDPI AG |
| publishDate |
2021 |
| url |
https://doaj.org/article/a41f9e22b3c843b3a577eb72dcf2a64d |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT edytajanik t2toxinthemosttoxictrichothecenemycotoxinmetabolismtoxicityanddecontaminationstrategies AT marcinniemcewicz t2toxinthemosttoxictrichothecenemycotoxinmetabolismtoxicityanddecontaminationstrategies AT marcinpodogrocki t2toxinthemosttoxictrichothecenemycotoxinmetabolismtoxicityanddecontaminationstrategies AT michalceremuga t2toxinthemosttoxictrichothecenemycotoxinmetabolismtoxicityanddecontaminationstrategies AT maksymilianstela t2toxinthemosttoxictrichothecenemycotoxinmetabolismtoxicityanddecontaminationstrategies AT michalbijak t2toxinthemosttoxictrichothecenemycotoxinmetabolismtoxicityanddecontaminationstrategies |
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