Enable Fair Proof-of-Work (PoW) Consensus for Blockchains in IoT by Miner Twins (MinT)

Blockchain technology has been recognized as a promising solution to enhance the security and privacy of Internet of Things (IoT) and Edge Computing scenarios. Taking advantage of the Proof-of-Work (PoW) consensus protocol, which solves a computation intensive hashing puzzle, Blockchain ensures the...

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Autores principales:	Qian Qu, Ronghua Xu, Yu Chen, Erik Blasch, Alexander Aved
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	digital twin blockchain Proof-of-Work microservices Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA) byzantine fault tolerance Information technology T58.5-58.64
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/a4253494c9f94fb49029260fa4a60376
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:a4253494c9f94fb49029260fa4a603762021-11-25T17:39:58ZEnable Fair Proof-of-Work (PoW) Consensus for Blockchains in IoT by Miner Twins (MinT)10.3390/fi131102911999-5903https://doaj.org/article/a4253494c9f94fb49029260fa4a603762021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/13/11/291https://doaj.org/toc/1999-5903Blockchain technology has been recognized as a promising solution to enhance the security and privacy of Internet of Things (IoT) and Edge Computing scenarios. Taking advantage of the Proof-of-Work (PoW) consensus protocol, which solves a computation intensive hashing puzzle, Blockchain ensures the security of the system by establishing a digital ledger. However, the computation intensive PoW favors members possessing more computing power. In the IoT paradigm, fairness in the highly heterogeneous network edge environments must consider devices with various constraints on computation power. Inspired by the advanced features of Digital Twins (DT), an emerging concept that mirrors the lifespan and operational characteristics of physical objects, we propose a novel Miner Twins (MinT) architecture to enable a fair PoW consensus mechanism for blockchains in IoT environments. MinT adopts an edge-fog-cloud hierarchy. All physical miners of the blockchain are deployed as microservices on distributed edge devices, while fog/cloud servers maintain digital twins that periodically update miners’ running status. By timely monitoring of a miner’s footprint that is mirrored by twins, a lightweight Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA)-based detection achieves the identification of individual misbehaved miners that violate fair mining. Moreover, we also design a novel Proof-of-Behavior (PoB) consensus algorithm to detect dishonest miners that collude to control a fair mining network. A preliminary study is conducted on a proof-of-concept prototype implementation, and experimental evaluation shows the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed MinT scheme under a distributed byzantine network environment.Qian QuRonghua XuYu ChenErik BlaschAlexander AvedMDPI AGarticledigital twinblockchainProof-of-WorkmicroservicesSingular Spectrum Analysis (SSA)byzantine fault toleranceInformation technologyT58.5-58.64ENFuture Internet, Vol 13, Iss 291, p 291 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	digital twin blockchain Proof-of-Work microservices Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA) byzantine fault tolerance Information technology T58.5-58.64
spellingShingle	digital twin blockchain Proof-of-Work microservices Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA) byzantine fault tolerance Information technology T58.5-58.64 Qian Qu Ronghua Xu Yu Chen Erik Blasch Alexander Aved Enable Fair Proof-of-Work (PoW) Consensus for Blockchains in IoT by Miner Twins (MinT)
description	Blockchain technology has been recognized as a promising solution to enhance the security and privacy of Internet of Things (IoT) and Edge Computing scenarios. Taking advantage of the Proof-of-Work (PoW) consensus protocol, which solves a computation intensive hashing puzzle, Blockchain ensures the security of the system by establishing a digital ledger. However, the computation intensive PoW favors members possessing more computing power. In the IoT paradigm, fairness in the highly heterogeneous network edge environments must consider devices with various constraints on computation power. Inspired by the advanced features of Digital Twins (DT), an emerging concept that mirrors the lifespan and operational characteristics of physical objects, we propose a novel Miner Twins (MinT) architecture to enable a fair PoW consensus mechanism for blockchains in IoT environments. MinT adopts an edge-fog-cloud hierarchy. All physical miners of the blockchain are deployed as microservices on distributed edge devices, while fog/cloud servers maintain digital twins that periodically update miners’ running status. By timely monitoring of a miner’s footprint that is mirrored by twins, a lightweight Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA)-based detection achieves the identification of individual misbehaved miners that violate fair mining. Moreover, we also design a novel Proof-of-Behavior (PoB) consensus algorithm to detect dishonest miners that collude to control a fair mining network. A preliminary study is conducted on a proof-of-concept prototype implementation, and experimental evaluation shows the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed MinT scheme under a distributed byzantine network environment.
format	article
author	Qian Qu Ronghua Xu Yu Chen Erik Blasch Alexander Aved
author_facet	Qian Qu Ronghua Xu Yu Chen Erik Blasch Alexander Aved
author_sort	Qian Qu
title	Enable Fair Proof-of-Work (PoW) Consensus for Blockchains in IoT by Miner Twins (MinT)
title_short	Enable Fair Proof-of-Work (PoW) Consensus for Blockchains in IoT by Miner Twins (MinT)
title_full	Enable Fair Proof-of-Work (PoW) Consensus for Blockchains in IoT by Miner Twins (MinT)
title_fullStr	Enable Fair Proof-of-Work (PoW) Consensus for Blockchains in IoT by Miner Twins (MinT)
title_full_unstemmed	Enable Fair Proof-of-Work (PoW) Consensus for Blockchains in IoT by Miner Twins (MinT)
title_sort	enable fair proof-of-work (pow) consensus for blockchains in iot by miner twins (mint)
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/a4253494c9f94fb49029260fa4a60376
work_keys_str_mv	AT qianqu enablefairproofofworkpowconsensusforblockchainsiniotbyminertwinsmint AT ronghuaxu enablefairproofofworkpowconsensusforblockchainsiniotbyminertwinsmint AT yuchen enablefairproofofworkpowconsensusforblockchainsiniotbyminertwinsmint AT erikblasch enablefairproofofworkpowconsensusforblockchainsiniotbyminertwinsmint AT alexanderaved enablefairproofofworkpowconsensusforblockchainsiniotbyminertwinsmint
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Enable Fair Proof-of-Work (PoW) Consensus for Blockchains in IoT by Miner Twins (MinT)

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