Stress Impact of COVID-19 Sports Restrictions on Disabled Athletes

The stress impact of COVID-19 restrictions has put the adapted sports community at an unprecedented level of emergency. The self-report Event Scale—Revised (IES-R) questionnaire was administered to assess the level of psychological distress and emotive reactions such as intrusion (INT), avoidance (A...

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Autores principales:	Giovanni Fiorilli, Andrea Buonsenso, Nicola Davola, Giulia Di Martino, Francesca Baralla, Stefanos Boutious, Marco Centorbi, Giuseppe Calcagno, Alessandra di Cagno
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	adapted sport COVID-19 pandemic psychological distress well-being Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/a5146b26ecae458dbb1a3e531455a799
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id	oai:doaj.org-article:a5146b26ecae458dbb1a3e531455a799
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:a5146b26ecae458dbb1a3e531455a7992021-11-25T17:50:31ZStress Impact of COVID-19 Sports Restrictions on Disabled Athletes10.3390/ijerph1822120401660-46011661-7827https://doaj.org/article/a5146b26ecae458dbb1a3e531455a7992021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/22/12040https://doaj.org/toc/1661-7827https://doaj.org/toc/1660-4601The stress impact of COVID-19 restrictions has put the adapted sports community at an unprecedented level of emergency. The self-report Event Scale—Revised (IES-R) questionnaire was administered to assess the level of psychological distress and emotive reactions such as intrusion (INT), avoidance (AV) and hyperarousal (HYP) following training and competitions suspension within a sample of Italian disabled athletes. A total of 146 self-selected volunteers were included in this study: 73 disabled athletes (aged 42.11 ± 13.70) and 73 athletes (aged 40.23 ± 13.73) who served as the control group. Only 8.22% of the disabled participants vs. 30.14% of athletes were affected by subjective distress. MANOVA showed significant differences in IES-R subjective distress for age, where the emerging adults had a higher level of stress than adults (<i>p</i> = 0.031), and for the type of sport, where the individual sports group showed higher scores than the team sports group (<i>p</i> = 0.049). Regarding the IES-R subscales, significant differences were found in INT and AV for age, where the emerging adults showed higher scores than adults (<i>p</i> = 0.018 and <i>p</i> = 0.046, respectively). Significant differences were found in HYP for type of sport, where the individual sports group showed higher scores than the team sports group (<i>p</i> = 0.014). The results confirmed a lower distress level of disabled athletes to adverse events than that expressed by athletes. Both sports engagement and the experience of living with impairment, overcoming structural barriers, could act as a buffer effect against stress due to COVID-19 restrictions.Giovanni FiorilliAndrea BuonsensoNicola DavolaGiulia Di MartinoFrancesca BarallaStefanos BoutiousMarco CentorbiGiuseppe CalcagnoAlessandra di CagnoMDPI AGarticleadapted sportCOVID-19 pandemicpsychological distresswell-beingMedicineRENInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 18, Iss 12040, p 12040 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	adapted sport COVID-19 pandemic psychological distress well-being Medicine R
spellingShingle	adapted sport COVID-19 pandemic psychological distress well-being Medicine R Giovanni Fiorilli Andrea Buonsenso Nicola Davola Giulia Di Martino Francesca Baralla Stefanos Boutious Marco Centorbi Giuseppe Calcagno Alessandra di Cagno Stress Impact of COVID-19 Sports Restrictions on Disabled Athletes
description	The stress impact of COVID-19 restrictions has put the adapted sports community at an unprecedented level of emergency. The self-report Event Scale—Revised (IES-R) questionnaire was administered to assess the level of psychological distress and emotive reactions such as intrusion (INT), avoidance (AV) and hyperarousal (HYP) following training and competitions suspension within a sample of Italian disabled athletes. A total of 146 self-selected volunteers were included in this study: 73 disabled athletes (aged 42.11 ± 13.70) and 73 athletes (aged 40.23 ± 13.73) who served as the control group. Only 8.22% of the disabled participants vs. 30.14% of athletes were affected by subjective distress. MANOVA showed significant differences in IES-R subjective distress for age, where the emerging adults had a higher level of stress than adults (<i>p</i> = 0.031), and for the type of sport, where the individual sports group showed higher scores than the team sports group (<i>p</i> = 0.049). Regarding the IES-R subscales, significant differences were found in INT and AV for age, where the emerging adults showed higher scores than adults (<i>p</i> = 0.018 and <i>p</i> = 0.046, respectively). Significant differences were found in HYP for type of sport, where the individual sports group showed higher scores than the team sports group (<i>p</i> = 0.014). The results confirmed a lower distress level of disabled athletes to adverse events than that expressed by athletes. Both sports engagement and the experience of living with impairment, overcoming structural barriers, could act as a buffer effect against stress due to COVID-19 restrictions.
format	article
author	Giovanni Fiorilli Andrea Buonsenso Nicola Davola Giulia Di Martino Francesca Baralla Stefanos Boutious Marco Centorbi Giuseppe Calcagno Alessandra di Cagno
author_facet	Giovanni Fiorilli Andrea Buonsenso Nicola Davola Giulia Di Martino Francesca Baralla Stefanos Boutious Marco Centorbi Giuseppe Calcagno Alessandra di Cagno
author_sort	Giovanni Fiorilli
title	Stress Impact of COVID-19 Sports Restrictions on Disabled Athletes
title_short	Stress Impact of COVID-19 Sports Restrictions on Disabled Athletes
title_full	Stress Impact of COVID-19 Sports Restrictions on Disabled Athletes
title_fullStr	Stress Impact of COVID-19 Sports Restrictions on Disabled Athletes
title_full_unstemmed	Stress Impact of COVID-19 Sports Restrictions on Disabled Athletes
title_sort	stress impact of covid-19 sports restrictions on disabled athletes
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/a5146b26ecae458dbb1a3e531455a799
work_keys_str_mv	AT giovannifiorilli stressimpactofcovid19sportsrestrictionsondisabledathletes AT andreabuonsenso stressimpactofcovid19sportsrestrictionsondisabledathletes AT nicoladavola stressimpactofcovid19sportsrestrictionsondisabledathletes AT giuliadimartino stressimpactofcovid19sportsrestrictionsondisabledathletes AT francescabaralla stressimpactofcovid19sportsrestrictionsondisabledathletes AT stefanosboutious stressimpactofcovid19sportsrestrictionsondisabledathletes AT marcocentorbi stressimpactofcovid19sportsrestrictionsondisabledathletes AT giuseppecalcagno stressimpactofcovid19sportsrestrictionsondisabledathletes AT alessandradicagno stressimpactofcovid19sportsrestrictionsondisabledathletes
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Stress Impact of COVID-19 Sports Restrictions on Disabled Athletes

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