Cytotoxic Effects of Phytomediated Silver and Gold Nanoparticles Synthesised from Rooibos <i>(</i><i>Aspalathus linearis</i>), and Aspalathin

The green chemistry approach has continuously been applied for the synthesis of functional nanomaterials to reduce waste, environmental hazards, and the use of toxic chemicals among other reasons. Bioactive natural compounds have been found great potential in this regard and are used to improve the...

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Autores principales:	Akeem O. Akinfenwa, Naeem S. Abdul, Fathima T. Docrat, Jeanine L. Marnewick, Robbie C. Luckay, Ahmed A. Hussein
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	aspalathin green rooibos synthesis gold silver nanoparticles Botany QK1-989
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/a532123363b64c54abe2ef828f23081d
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:a532123363b64c54abe2ef828f23081d2021-11-25T18:46:45ZCytotoxic Effects of Phytomediated Silver and Gold Nanoparticles Synthesised from Rooibos <i>(</i><i>Aspalathus linearis</i>), and Aspalathin10.3390/plants101124602223-7747https://doaj.org/article/a532123363b64c54abe2ef828f23081d2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/11/2460https://doaj.org/toc/2223-7747The green chemistry approach has continuously been applied for the synthesis of functional nanomaterials to reduce waste, environmental hazards, and the use of toxic chemicals among other reasons. Bioactive natural compounds have been found great potential in this regard and are used to improve the stability, activity, and biodistribution of metal nanoparticles (MNPs). Aspalathin (ASP) from <i>Aspalathus linearis</i> (rooibos) has a well-defined pharmacological profile and functional groups capable of both reducing and capping agents in the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles (NP). This study provides the first report of the phytomediated synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles (AuNPs/AgNPs) via ASP and the green rooibos (GR) extract. The study demonstrated a green chemistry approach to the biosynthesis of nanoparticles of GR-AuNPs, ASP-AuNPs, GR-AgNPs, and ASP-AgNPs. The results showed that GR and ASP could act both as reducing and stabilising agents in the formation of crystalline, with different shapes and dispersity of NPs in the ranges of 1.6–6.7 nm for AgNPs and 7.5–12.5 nm for the AuNPs. However, the ASP NPs were less stable in selected biogenic media compared to GR NPs and were later stabilised with polyethene glycol. The cytotoxicity studies showed that GR-AgNPs were the most cytotoxic against SH-SY5Y and HepG2 with IC<sub>50</sub> 108.8 and 183.4 μg/mL, respectively. The cellular uptake analysis showed a high uptake of AuNPs and indicated that AgNPs of rooibos at a lower dose (1.3–1.5 μg/mL) is favourable for its anticancer potential. This study is a contribution to plant-mediated metallic nanoparticles using a pure single compound that can be further developed for targeted drug delivery for cancer cells treatments in the coming years.Akeem O. AkinfenwaNaeem S. AbdulFathima T. DocratJeanine L. MarnewickRobbie C. LuckayAhmed A. HusseinMDPI AGarticleaspalathingreen rooibossynthesisgoldsilvernanoparticlesBotanyQK1-989ENPlants, Vol 10, Iss 2460, p 2460 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	aspalathin green rooibos synthesis gold silver nanoparticles Botany QK1-989
spellingShingle	aspalathin green rooibos synthesis gold silver nanoparticles Botany QK1-989 Akeem O. Akinfenwa Naeem S. Abdul Fathima T. Docrat Jeanine L. Marnewick Robbie C. Luckay Ahmed A. Hussein Cytotoxic Effects of Phytomediated Silver and Gold Nanoparticles Synthesised from Rooibos <i>(</i><i>Aspalathus linearis</i>), and Aspalathin
description	The green chemistry approach has continuously been applied for the synthesis of functional nanomaterials to reduce waste, environmental hazards, and the use of toxic chemicals among other reasons. Bioactive natural compounds have been found great potential in this regard and are used to improve the stability, activity, and biodistribution of metal nanoparticles (MNPs). Aspalathin (ASP) from <i>Aspalathus linearis</i> (rooibos) has a well-defined pharmacological profile and functional groups capable of both reducing and capping agents in the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles (NP). This study provides the first report of the phytomediated synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles (AuNPs/AgNPs) via ASP and the green rooibos (GR) extract. The study demonstrated a green chemistry approach to the biosynthesis of nanoparticles of GR-AuNPs, ASP-AuNPs, GR-AgNPs, and ASP-AgNPs. The results showed that GR and ASP could act both as reducing and stabilising agents in the formation of crystalline, with different shapes and dispersity of NPs in the ranges of 1.6–6.7 nm for AgNPs and 7.5–12.5 nm for the AuNPs. However, the ASP NPs were less stable in selected biogenic media compared to GR NPs and were later stabilised with polyethene glycol. The cytotoxicity studies showed that GR-AgNPs were the most cytotoxic against SH-SY5Y and HepG2 with IC<sub>50</sub> 108.8 and 183.4 μg/mL, respectively. The cellular uptake analysis showed a high uptake of AuNPs and indicated that AgNPs of rooibos at a lower dose (1.3–1.5 μg/mL) is favourable for its anticancer potential. This study is a contribution to plant-mediated metallic nanoparticles using a pure single compound that can be further developed for targeted drug delivery for cancer cells treatments in the coming years.
format	article
author	Akeem O. Akinfenwa Naeem S. Abdul Fathima T. Docrat Jeanine L. Marnewick Robbie C. Luckay Ahmed A. Hussein
author_facet	Akeem O. Akinfenwa Naeem S. Abdul Fathima T. Docrat Jeanine L. Marnewick Robbie C. Luckay Ahmed A. Hussein
author_sort	Akeem O. Akinfenwa
title	Cytotoxic Effects of Phytomediated Silver and Gold Nanoparticles Synthesised from Rooibos <i>(</i><i>Aspalathus linearis</i>), and Aspalathin
title_short	Cytotoxic Effects of Phytomediated Silver and Gold Nanoparticles Synthesised from Rooibos <i>(</i><i>Aspalathus linearis</i>), and Aspalathin
title_full	Cytotoxic Effects of Phytomediated Silver and Gold Nanoparticles Synthesised from Rooibos <i>(</i><i>Aspalathus linearis</i>), and Aspalathin
title_fullStr	Cytotoxic Effects of Phytomediated Silver and Gold Nanoparticles Synthesised from Rooibos <i>(</i><i>Aspalathus linearis</i>), and Aspalathin
title_full_unstemmed	Cytotoxic Effects of Phytomediated Silver and Gold Nanoparticles Synthesised from Rooibos <i>(</i><i>Aspalathus linearis</i>), and Aspalathin
title_sort	cytotoxic effects of phytomediated silver and gold nanoparticles synthesised from rooibos <i>(</i><i>aspalathus linearis</i>), and aspalathin
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/a532123363b64c54abe2ef828f23081d
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Cytotoxic Effects of Phytomediated Silver and Gold Nanoparticles Synthesised from Rooibos <i>(</i><i>Aspalathus linearis</i>), and Aspalathin

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