Nucleotide Resolution Comparison of Transcription of Human Cytomegalovirus and Host Genomes Reveals Universal Use of RNA Polymerase II Elongation Control Driven by Dissimilar Core Promoter Elements

ABSTRACT The large genome of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is transcribed by RNA polymerase II (Pol II). However, it is not known how closely this betaherpesvirus follows host transcriptional paradigms. We applied PRO-Seq and PRO-Cap methods to profile and quantify transcription initiation and produc...

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Autores principales:	Mrutyunjaya Parida, Kyle A. Nilson, Ming Li, Christopher B. Ball, Harrison A. Fuchs, Christine K. Lawson, Donal S. Luse, Jeffery L. Meier, David H. Price
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2019
Materias:	core promoter elements P-TEFb PRO-Seq RNA polymerase II RNA4.9 cytomegalovirus Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/a5da4a0ae2b2409fbf8c0b9a8da26b4e
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:a5da4a0ae2b2409fbf8c0b9a8da26b4e2021-11-15T15:55:14ZNucleotide Resolution Comparison of Transcription of Human Cytomegalovirus and Host Genomes Reveals Universal Use of RNA Polymerase II Elongation Control Driven by Dissimilar Core Promoter Elements10.1128/mBio.02047-182150-7511https://doaj.org/article/a5da4a0ae2b2409fbf8c0b9a8da26b4e2019-02-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mBio.02047-18https://doaj.org/toc/2150-7511ABSTRACT The large genome of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is transcribed by RNA polymerase II (Pol II). However, it is not known how closely this betaherpesvirus follows host transcriptional paradigms. We applied PRO-Seq and PRO-Cap methods to profile and quantify transcription initiation and productive elongation across the host and virus genomes in late infection. A major similarity between host transcription and viral transcription is that treatment of cells with the P-TEFb inhibitor flavopiridol preempts virtually all productive elongation, which otherwise covers most of the HCMV genome. The deep, nucleotide resolution identification of transcription start sites (TSSs) enabled an extensive analysis of core promoter elements. An important difference between host and viral transcription is that initiation is much more pervasive on the HCMV genome. The sequence preferences in the initiator region around the TSS and the utilization of upstream T/A-rich elements are different. Upstream TATA positions the TSS and boosts initiation in both the host and the virus, but upstream TATT has a significant stimulatory impact only on the viral template. The major immediate early (MIE) promoter remained active during late infection and was accompanied by transcription of both strands of the MIE enhancer from promoters within the enhancer. Surprisingly, we found that the long noncoding RNA4.9 is intimately associated with the viral origin of replication (oriLyt) and was transcribed to a higher level than any other viral or host promoter. Finally, our results significantly contribute to the idea that late in infection, transcription takes place on viral genomes that are not highly chromatinized. IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus infects more than half of humans, persists silently in virtually all tissues, and produces life-threatening disease in immunocompromised individuals. HCMV is also the most common infectious cause of birth defects and the leading nongenetic cause of sensorineural hearing loss in the United States. Because there is no vaccine and current drugs have problems with potency, toxicity, and antiviral drug resistance, alternative treatment strategies that target different points of viral control are needed. Our current study contributes to this goal by applying newly developed methods to examine transcription of the HCMV and host genomes at nucleotide resolution in an attempt to find targetable differences between the two. After a thorough analysis of productive elongation and of core promoter element usage, we found that some mechanisms of regulating transcription are shared between the host and HCMV but that others are distinctly different. This suggests that HCMV transcription may be a legitimate target for future antiviral therapies and this might translate to other herpesviruses.Mrutyunjaya ParidaKyle A. NilsonMing LiChristopher B. BallHarrison A. FuchsChristine K. LawsonDonal S. LuseJeffery L. MeierDavid H. PriceAmerican Society for Microbiologyarticlecore promoter elementsP-TEFbPRO-SeqRNA polymerase IIRNA4.9cytomegalovirusMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmBio, Vol 10, Iss 1 (2019)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	core promoter elements P-TEFb PRO-Seq RNA polymerase II RNA4.9 cytomegalovirus Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	core promoter elements P-TEFb PRO-Seq RNA polymerase II RNA4.9 cytomegalovirus Microbiology QR1-502 Mrutyunjaya Parida Kyle A. Nilson Ming Li Christopher B. Ball Harrison A. Fuchs Christine K. Lawson Donal S. Luse Jeffery L. Meier David H. Price Nucleotide Resolution Comparison of Transcription of Human Cytomegalovirus and Host Genomes Reveals Universal Use of RNA Polymerase II Elongation Control Driven by Dissimilar Core Promoter Elements
description	ABSTRACT The large genome of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is transcribed by RNA polymerase II (Pol II). However, it is not known how closely this betaherpesvirus follows host transcriptional paradigms. We applied PRO-Seq and PRO-Cap methods to profile and quantify transcription initiation and productive elongation across the host and virus genomes in late infection. A major similarity between host transcription and viral transcription is that treatment of cells with the P-TEFb inhibitor flavopiridol preempts virtually all productive elongation, which otherwise covers most of the HCMV genome. The deep, nucleotide resolution identification of transcription start sites (TSSs) enabled an extensive analysis of core promoter elements. An important difference between host and viral transcription is that initiation is much more pervasive on the HCMV genome. The sequence preferences in the initiator region around the TSS and the utilization of upstream T/A-rich elements are different. Upstream TATA positions the TSS and boosts initiation in both the host and the virus, but upstream TATT has a significant stimulatory impact only on the viral template. The major immediate early (MIE) promoter remained active during late infection and was accompanied by transcription of both strands of the MIE enhancer from promoters within the enhancer. Surprisingly, we found that the long noncoding RNA4.9 is intimately associated with the viral origin of replication (oriLyt) and was transcribed to a higher level than any other viral or host promoter. Finally, our results significantly contribute to the idea that late in infection, transcription takes place on viral genomes that are not highly chromatinized. IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus infects more than half of humans, persists silently in virtually all tissues, and produces life-threatening disease in immunocompromised individuals. HCMV is also the most common infectious cause of birth defects and the leading nongenetic cause of sensorineural hearing loss in the United States. Because there is no vaccine and current drugs have problems with potency, toxicity, and antiviral drug resistance, alternative treatment strategies that target different points of viral control are needed. Our current study contributes to this goal by applying newly developed methods to examine transcription of the HCMV and host genomes at nucleotide resolution in an attempt to find targetable differences between the two. After a thorough analysis of productive elongation and of core promoter element usage, we found that some mechanisms of regulating transcription are shared between the host and HCMV but that others are distinctly different. This suggests that HCMV transcription may be a legitimate target for future antiviral therapies and this might translate to other herpesviruses.
format	article
author	Mrutyunjaya Parida Kyle A. Nilson Ming Li Christopher B. Ball Harrison A. Fuchs Christine K. Lawson Donal S. Luse Jeffery L. Meier David H. Price
author_facet	Mrutyunjaya Parida Kyle A. Nilson Ming Li Christopher B. Ball Harrison A. Fuchs Christine K. Lawson Donal S. Luse Jeffery L. Meier David H. Price
author_sort	Mrutyunjaya Parida
title	Nucleotide Resolution Comparison of Transcription of Human Cytomegalovirus and Host Genomes Reveals Universal Use of RNA Polymerase II Elongation Control Driven by Dissimilar Core Promoter Elements
title_short	Nucleotide Resolution Comparison of Transcription of Human Cytomegalovirus and Host Genomes Reveals Universal Use of RNA Polymerase II Elongation Control Driven by Dissimilar Core Promoter Elements
title_full	Nucleotide Resolution Comparison of Transcription of Human Cytomegalovirus and Host Genomes Reveals Universal Use of RNA Polymerase II Elongation Control Driven by Dissimilar Core Promoter Elements
title_fullStr	Nucleotide Resolution Comparison of Transcription of Human Cytomegalovirus and Host Genomes Reveals Universal Use of RNA Polymerase II Elongation Control Driven by Dissimilar Core Promoter Elements
title_full_unstemmed	Nucleotide Resolution Comparison of Transcription of Human Cytomegalovirus and Host Genomes Reveals Universal Use of RNA Polymerase II Elongation Control Driven by Dissimilar Core Promoter Elements
title_sort	nucleotide resolution comparison of transcription of human cytomegalovirus and host genomes reveals universal use of rna polymerase ii elongation control driven by dissimilar core promoter elements
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2019
url	https://doaj.org/article/a5da4a0ae2b2409fbf8c0b9a8da26b4e
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Nucleotide Resolution Comparison of Transcription of Human Cytomegalovirus and Host Genomes Reveals Universal Use of RNA Polymerase II Elongation Control Driven by Dissimilar Core Promoter Elements

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