Nutritional iodine status and obesity

Abstract Iodine is an essential component of the thyroid hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Its availability strictly depends on iodine content of foods, which may vary from very low to very high. Inadequate iodine intake (deficiency or excess) may affect thyroid function resulting in hypothy...

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Autores principales:	Mariacarla Moleti, Maria Di Mauro, Giuseppe Paola, Antonella Olivieri, Francesco Vermiglio
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	BMC 2021
Materias:	Iodine Obesity Body mass index Thyroid function Thyroid volume Diseases of the endocrine glands. Clinical endocrinology RC648-665
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/a6017f59b30f44bea52ee2c381b02c42
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:a6017f59b30f44bea52ee2c381b02c422021-11-28T12:05:55ZNutritional iodine status and obesity10.1186/s13044-021-00116-y1756-6614https://doaj.org/article/a6017f59b30f44bea52ee2c381b02c422021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1186/s13044-021-00116-yhttps://doaj.org/toc/1756-6614Abstract Iodine is an essential component of the thyroid hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Its availability strictly depends on iodine content of foods, which may vary from very low to very high. Inadequate iodine intake (deficiency or excess) may affect thyroid function resulting in hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. Based on median urinary iodine concentrations, epidemiological criteria have been established for the categorization and monitoring of nutritional iodine status of a population (or subgroups of populations). Additional methods for iodine intake assessment include measurement of thyroid size (by thyroid palpation or ultrasonography) and of biochemical parameters, such as neonatal thyroid stimulating hormone, thyroglobulin and thyroid hormones. Recent studies carried out in overweight/obese children and adults provide evidence that body mass index (BMI) may significantly influence the above indicators, thus theoretically affecting the epidemiological evaluation of nutritional iodine status in populations. In this short review, we analyze current knowledge on the effects of overweight and obesity on indicators of adequacy and monitoring of iodine status, namely urinary iodine excretion and thyroid volume and echogenicity. Data on urinary iodine excretion in overweight/obese children are divergent, as both increased and reduced levels have been reported in overweight/obese children compared to normal-weight controls. Whether gastrointestinal surgery may affect iodine absorption and lead to iodine deficiency in patients undergoing bariatric surgery has been evaluated in a limited number of studies, which excluded iodine deficiency, thus suggesting that supplements usually recommended after bariatric surgery do not need to include iodine. Albeit limited, evidence on thyroid volume and obesity is consistent with a direct relationship between thyroid volume and BMI, irrespective of nutritional iodine status. Finally, a higher frequency of thyroid hypoechoic pattern has been described in overweight/obese children. This finding has been recently related to an increased adipocyte infiltration and thyroid parenchyma imbibition mediated by inflammatory cytokines and should be considered when the frequency of thyroid hypoechoic pattern is used as non-invasive marker to indirectly assess thyroid autoimmunity in monitoring Universal Salt Iodization programs. Further studies, specifically addressing the role of schoolchildren body mass index as a factor potentially influencing iodine intake indicators are needed.Mariacarla MoletiMaria Di MauroGiuseppe PaolaAntonella OlivieriFrancesco VermiglioBMCarticleIodineObesityBody mass indexThyroid functionThyroid volumeDiseases of the endocrine glands. Clinical endocrinologyRC648-665ENThyroid Research, Vol 14, Iss 1, Pp 1-8 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Iodine Obesity Body mass index Thyroid function Thyroid volume Diseases of the endocrine glands. Clinical endocrinology RC648-665
spellingShingle	Iodine Obesity Body mass index Thyroid function Thyroid volume Diseases of the endocrine glands. Clinical endocrinology RC648-665 Mariacarla Moleti Maria Di Mauro Giuseppe Paola Antonella Olivieri Francesco Vermiglio Nutritional iodine status and obesity
description	Abstract Iodine is an essential component of the thyroid hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Its availability strictly depends on iodine content of foods, which may vary from very low to very high. Inadequate iodine intake (deficiency or excess) may affect thyroid function resulting in hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. Based on median urinary iodine concentrations, epidemiological criteria have been established for the categorization and monitoring of nutritional iodine status of a population (or subgroups of populations). Additional methods for iodine intake assessment include measurement of thyroid size (by thyroid palpation or ultrasonography) and of biochemical parameters, such as neonatal thyroid stimulating hormone, thyroglobulin and thyroid hormones. Recent studies carried out in overweight/obese children and adults provide evidence that body mass index (BMI) may significantly influence the above indicators, thus theoretically affecting the epidemiological evaluation of nutritional iodine status in populations. In this short review, we analyze current knowledge on the effects of overweight and obesity on indicators of adequacy and monitoring of iodine status, namely urinary iodine excretion and thyroid volume and echogenicity. Data on urinary iodine excretion in overweight/obese children are divergent, as both increased and reduced levels have been reported in overweight/obese children compared to normal-weight controls. Whether gastrointestinal surgery may affect iodine absorption and lead to iodine deficiency in patients undergoing bariatric surgery has been evaluated in a limited number of studies, which excluded iodine deficiency, thus suggesting that supplements usually recommended after bariatric surgery do not need to include iodine. Albeit limited, evidence on thyroid volume and obesity is consistent with a direct relationship between thyroid volume and BMI, irrespective of nutritional iodine status. Finally, a higher frequency of thyroid hypoechoic pattern has been described in overweight/obese children. This finding has been recently related to an increased adipocyte infiltration and thyroid parenchyma imbibition mediated by inflammatory cytokines and should be considered when the frequency of thyroid hypoechoic pattern is used as non-invasive marker to indirectly assess thyroid autoimmunity in monitoring Universal Salt Iodization programs. Further studies, specifically addressing the role of schoolchildren body mass index as a factor potentially influencing iodine intake indicators are needed.
format	article
author	Mariacarla Moleti Maria Di Mauro Giuseppe Paola Antonella Olivieri Francesco Vermiglio
author_facet	Mariacarla Moleti Maria Di Mauro Giuseppe Paola Antonella Olivieri Francesco Vermiglio
author_sort	Mariacarla Moleti
title	Nutritional iodine status and obesity
title_short	Nutritional iodine status and obesity
title_full	Nutritional iodine status and obesity
title_fullStr	Nutritional iodine status and obesity
title_full_unstemmed	Nutritional iodine status and obesity
title_sort	nutritional iodine status and obesity
publisher	BMC
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/a6017f59b30f44bea52ee2c381b02c42
work_keys_str_mv	AT mariacarlamoleti nutritionaliodinestatusandobesity AT mariadimauro nutritionaliodinestatusandobesity AT giuseppepaola nutritionaliodinestatusandobesity AT antonellaolivieri nutritionaliodinestatusandobesity AT francescovermiglio nutritionaliodinestatusandobesity
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Nutritional iodine status and obesity

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