Increasing Heart Rate Variability through Progressive Muscle Relaxation and Breathing: A 77-Day Pilot Study with Daily Ambulatory Assessment

The aim of this study was to examine whether it is possible to gradually increase heart rate variability (HRV) in healthy individuals (21 participants, <i>M</i> = 21.24 years, <i>SD</i> = 1.57, range 19 to 26) through regular exercises of average resonance frequency training...

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Autores principales:	Daniel Groß, Carl-Walter Kohlmann
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	heart rate variability ambulatory assessment resonance frequency training progressive muscle relaxation healthy individuals Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/a60abf50167e48bf9f914963f3480476
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:a60abf50167e48bf9f914963f34804762021-11-11T16:29:17ZIncreasing Heart Rate Variability through Progressive Muscle Relaxation and Breathing: A 77-Day Pilot Study with Daily Ambulatory Assessment10.3390/ijerph1821113571660-46011661-7827https://doaj.org/article/a60abf50167e48bf9f914963f34804762021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/21/11357https://doaj.org/toc/1661-7827https://doaj.org/toc/1660-4601The aim of this study was to examine whether it is possible to gradually increase heart rate variability (HRV) in healthy individuals (21 participants, <i>M</i> = 21.24 years, <i>SD</i> = 1.57, range 19 to 26) through regular exercises of average resonance frequency training (RFT; 6 breaths/min; 5 min each day) and progressive muscle relaxation (PMR; three times a week for 20 min). The effects were tested against an active control group using a linear mixed effect model with random slopes (day), random intercepts (participants) and an autoregressive error term. The special feature of this pilot study is that HRV was measured every day in an ambulatory assessment over 77 days, so that graduate long-term effects on HRV can be mapped. The results indicated that the PMR group significantly increased their HRV compared to the active control group. However, no effect was observed for the RFT group. Possible explanations for these results and important recommendations for subsequent studies are provided.Daniel GroßCarl-Walter KohlmannMDPI AGarticleheart rate variabilityambulatory assessmentresonance frequency trainingprogressive muscle relaxationhealthy individualsMedicineRENInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 18, Iss 11357, p 11357 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	heart rate variability ambulatory assessment resonance frequency training progressive muscle relaxation healthy individuals Medicine R
spellingShingle	heart rate variability ambulatory assessment resonance frequency training progressive muscle relaxation healthy individuals Medicine R Daniel Groß Carl-Walter Kohlmann Increasing Heart Rate Variability through Progressive Muscle Relaxation and Breathing: A 77-Day Pilot Study with Daily Ambulatory Assessment
description	The aim of this study was to examine whether it is possible to gradually increase heart rate variability (HRV) in healthy individuals (21 participants, <i>M</i> = 21.24 years, <i>SD</i> = 1.57, range 19 to 26) through regular exercises of average resonance frequency training (RFT; 6 breaths/min; 5 min each day) and progressive muscle relaxation (PMR; three times a week for 20 min). The effects were tested against an active control group using a linear mixed effect model with random slopes (day), random intercepts (participants) and an autoregressive error term. The special feature of this pilot study is that HRV was measured every day in an ambulatory assessment over 77 days, so that graduate long-term effects on HRV can be mapped. The results indicated that the PMR group significantly increased their HRV compared to the active control group. However, no effect was observed for the RFT group. Possible explanations for these results and important recommendations for subsequent studies are provided.
format	article
author	Daniel Groß Carl-Walter Kohlmann
author_facet	Daniel Groß Carl-Walter Kohlmann
author_sort	Daniel Groß
title	Increasing Heart Rate Variability through Progressive Muscle Relaxation and Breathing: A 77-Day Pilot Study with Daily Ambulatory Assessment
title_short	Increasing Heart Rate Variability through Progressive Muscle Relaxation and Breathing: A 77-Day Pilot Study with Daily Ambulatory Assessment
title_full	Increasing Heart Rate Variability through Progressive Muscle Relaxation and Breathing: A 77-Day Pilot Study with Daily Ambulatory Assessment
title_fullStr	Increasing Heart Rate Variability through Progressive Muscle Relaxation and Breathing: A 77-Day Pilot Study with Daily Ambulatory Assessment
title_full_unstemmed	Increasing Heart Rate Variability through Progressive Muscle Relaxation and Breathing: A 77-Day Pilot Study with Daily Ambulatory Assessment
title_sort	increasing heart rate variability through progressive muscle relaxation and breathing: a 77-day pilot study with daily ambulatory assessment
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/a60abf50167e48bf9f914963f3480476
work_keys_str_mv	AT danielgroß increasingheartratevariabilitythroughprogressivemusclerelaxationandbreathinga77daypilotstudywithdailyambulatoryassessment AT carlwalterkohlmann increasingheartratevariabilitythroughprogressivemusclerelaxationandbreathinga77daypilotstudywithdailyambulatoryassessment
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Increasing Heart Rate Variability through Progressive Muscle Relaxation and Breathing: A 77-Day Pilot Study with Daily Ambulatory Assessment

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