Demographic effects on facial emotion expression: an interdisciplinary investigation of the facial action units of happiness

Abstract Understanding demographic difference in facial expression of happiness has crucial implications on social communication. However, prior research on facial emotion expression has mostly focused on the effect of a single demographic factor (typically gender, race, or age), and is limited by t...

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Autores principales:	Yingruo Fan, Jacqueline C. K. Lam, Victor O. K. Li
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/a63a07ff9e354b63988fb3fe7f4d69ae
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:a63a07ff9e354b63988fb3fe7f4d69ae2021-12-02T11:37:23ZDemographic effects on facial emotion expression: an interdisciplinary investigation of the facial action units of happiness10.1038/s41598-021-84632-92045-2322https://doaj.org/article/a63a07ff9e354b63988fb3fe7f4d69ae2021-03-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-84632-9https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract Understanding demographic difference in facial expression of happiness has crucial implications on social communication. However, prior research on facial emotion expression has mostly focused on the effect of a single demographic factor (typically gender, race, or age), and is limited by the small image dataset collected in laboratory settings. First, we used 30,000 (4800 after pre-processing) real-world facial images from Flickr, to analyze the facial expression of happiness as indicated by the intensity level of two distinctive facial action units, the Cheek Raiser (AU6) and the Lip Corner Puller (AU12), obtained automatically via a deep learning algorithm that we developed, after training on 75,000 images. Second, we conducted a statistical analysis on the intensity level of happiness, with both the main effect and the interaction effect of three core demographic factors on AU12 and AU6. Our results show that females generally display a higher AU12 intensity than males. African Americans tend to exhibit a higher AU6 and AU12 intensity, when compared with Caucasians and Asians. The older age groups, especially the 40–69-year-old, generally display a stronger AU12 intensity than the 0–3-year-old group. Our interdisciplinary study provides a better generalization and a deeper understanding on how different gender, race and age groups express the emotion of happiness differently.Yingruo FanJacqueline C. K. LamVictor O. K. LiNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-11 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Yingruo Fan Jacqueline C. K. Lam Victor O. K. Li Demographic effects on facial emotion expression: an interdisciplinary investigation of the facial action units of happiness
description	Abstract Understanding demographic difference in facial expression of happiness has crucial implications on social communication. However, prior research on facial emotion expression has mostly focused on the effect of a single demographic factor (typically gender, race, or age), and is limited by the small image dataset collected in laboratory settings. First, we used 30,000 (4800 after pre-processing) real-world facial images from Flickr, to analyze the facial expression of happiness as indicated by the intensity level of two distinctive facial action units, the Cheek Raiser (AU6) and the Lip Corner Puller (AU12), obtained automatically via a deep learning algorithm that we developed, after training on 75,000 images. Second, we conducted a statistical analysis on the intensity level of happiness, with both the main effect and the interaction effect of three core demographic factors on AU12 and AU6. Our results show that females generally display a higher AU12 intensity than males. African Americans tend to exhibit a higher AU6 and AU12 intensity, when compared with Caucasians and Asians. The older age groups, especially the 40–69-year-old, generally display a stronger AU12 intensity than the 0–3-year-old group. Our interdisciplinary study provides a better generalization and a deeper understanding on how different gender, race and age groups express the emotion of happiness differently.
format	article
author	Yingruo Fan Jacqueline C. K. Lam Victor O. K. Li
author_facet	Yingruo Fan Jacqueline C. K. Lam Victor O. K. Li
author_sort	Yingruo Fan
title	Demographic effects on facial emotion expression: an interdisciplinary investigation of the facial action units of happiness
title_short	Demographic effects on facial emotion expression: an interdisciplinary investigation of the facial action units of happiness
title_full	Demographic effects on facial emotion expression: an interdisciplinary investigation of the facial action units of happiness
title_fullStr	Demographic effects on facial emotion expression: an interdisciplinary investigation of the facial action units of happiness
title_full_unstemmed	Demographic effects on facial emotion expression: an interdisciplinary investigation of the facial action units of happiness
title_sort	demographic effects on facial emotion expression: an interdisciplinary investigation of the facial action units of happiness
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/a63a07ff9e354b63988fb3fe7f4d69ae
work_keys_str_mv	AT yingruofan demographiceffectsonfacialemotionexpressionaninterdisciplinaryinvestigationofthefacialactionunitsofhappiness AT jacquelinecklam demographiceffectsonfacialemotionexpressionaninterdisciplinaryinvestigationofthefacialactionunitsofhappiness AT victorokli demographiceffectsonfacialemotionexpressionaninterdisciplinaryinvestigationofthefacialactionunitsofhappiness
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Demographic effects on facial emotion expression: an interdisciplinary investigation of the facial action units of happiness

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