Industrial Source Contributions and Health Risk Assessment of Fine Particle-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) during Spring and Late Summer in the Baoshan Area, Shanghai

The main objective of this study was to examine the chemical characteristics, possible sources, and health risks of fine particle-bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Baoshan area of Shanghai. Here, ambient particles with five-size ranges were collected during the spring and late sum...

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Autores principales:	Weiqian Wang, Qingyue Wang, Daisuke Nakajima, Senlin Lu, Kai Xiao, Tanzin Chowdhury, Miho Suzuki, Fenwu Liu
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	particle-bound PAHs PM<sub>1.1</sub> health risk possible sources steel industry Shanghai Chemical technology TP1-1185 Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/a6870009e5df4b23ab748cd4a37edf7a
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:a6870009e5df4b23ab748cd4a37edf7a2021-11-25T18:51:30ZIndustrial Source Contributions and Health Risk Assessment of Fine Particle-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) during Spring and Late Summer in the Baoshan Area, Shanghai10.3390/pr91120162227-9717https://doaj.org/article/a6870009e5df4b23ab748cd4a37edf7a2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/9/11/2016https://doaj.org/toc/2227-9717The main objective of this study was to examine the chemical characteristics, possible sources, and health risks of fine particle-bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Baoshan area of Shanghai. Here, ambient particles with five-size ranges were collected during the spring and late summer of 2017. The PAHs were determined by the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Our results showed that the average mass concentration of 13 species of PAHs in spring and in late summer was 4.83 (1.88~12.1) ng/m<sup>3 </sup>and 4.27 (2.09~5.75) ng/m<sup>3</sup> in Total Suspended Particles (TSPs), respectively. The higher PAH ratios (PM<sub>1.1</sub>/TSPs) indicated that PAHs are mainly concentrated in PM<sub>1.1</sub>, especially in late summer. The values of BaA/(BaA+CHR) were under 0.50 and IcdP/(IcdP+BghiP) were in range from 0.20 to 0.50 for TSP and PM<sub>1.1</sub>, suggesting that petroleum combustion and diesel emissions could be considered as key sources of PAHs, which tend to be associated with PM<sub>1.1</sub>. Moreover, the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in PM<sub>1.1</sub> identified the main PH sources, which include stationary and diesel emissions. The air mass backward trajectories and wind direction analysis showed that air masses were mainly derived from marine sources across the local industry area in late summer. Individual Carcinogenic Risk Inhalation (ILCR) was over 10<sup>−6</sup> among the total six age groups in both of the sampling periods in TSPs, indicating the possible carcinogenic risk, especially for children and the young age group. Toxic PAHs belong to Heavy Molecular Weight (HMW) PAHs, especially Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). Compared with PM<sub>1.1–2.0</sub>, the Combustion-Derived PAHs group (COMPAHs) and Carcinogenic PAHs (CANPAHs) were highly concentrated in PM<sub>1.1</sub>. Stationary sources, such as the developed steel industry, made a great contribution to the level of PAHs, especially in late summer.Weiqian WangQingyue WangDaisuke NakajimaSenlin LuKai XiaoTanzin ChowdhuryMiho SuzukiFenwu LiuMDPI AGarticleparticle-bound PAHsPM<sub>1.1</sub>health riskpossible sourcessteel industryShanghaiChemical technologyTP1-1185ChemistryQD1-999ENProcesses, Vol 9, Iss 2016, p 2016 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	particle-bound PAHs PM<sub>1.1</sub> health risk possible sources steel industry Shanghai Chemical technology TP1-1185 Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	particle-bound PAHs PM<sub>1.1</sub> health risk possible sources steel industry Shanghai Chemical technology TP1-1185 Chemistry QD1-999 Weiqian Wang Qingyue Wang Daisuke Nakajima Senlin Lu Kai Xiao Tanzin Chowdhury Miho Suzuki Fenwu Liu Industrial Source Contributions and Health Risk Assessment of Fine Particle-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) during Spring and Late Summer in the Baoshan Area, Shanghai
description	The main objective of this study was to examine the chemical characteristics, possible sources, and health risks of fine particle-bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Baoshan area of Shanghai. Here, ambient particles with five-size ranges were collected during the spring and late summer of 2017. The PAHs were determined by the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Our results showed that the average mass concentration of 13 species of PAHs in spring and in late summer was 4.83 (1.88~12.1) ng/m<sup>3 </sup>and 4.27 (2.09~5.75) ng/m<sup>3</sup> in Total Suspended Particles (TSPs), respectively. The higher PAH ratios (PM<sub>1.1</sub>/TSPs) indicated that PAHs are mainly concentrated in PM<sub>1.1</sub>, especially in late summer. The values of BaA/(BaA+CHR) were under 0.50 and IcdP/(IcdP+BghiP) were in range from 0.20 to 0.50 for TSP and PM<sub>1.1</sub>, suggesting that petroleum combustion and diesel emissions could be considered as key sources of PAHs, which tend to be associated with PM<sub>1.1</sub>. Moreover, the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in PM<sub>1.1</sub> identified the main PH sources, which include stationary and diesel emissions. The air mass backward trajectories and wind direction analysis showed that air masses were mainly derived from marine sources across the local industry area in late summer. Individual Carcinogenic Risk Inhalation (ILCR) was over 10<sup>−6</sup> among the total six age groups in both of the sampling periods in TSPs, indicating the possible carcinogenic risk, especially for children and the young age group. Toxic PAHs belong to Heavy Molecular Weight (HMW) PAHs, especially Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). Compared with PM<sub>1.1–2.0</sub>, the Combustion-Derived PAHs group (COMPAHs) and Carcinogenic PAHs (CANPAHs) were highly concentrated in PM<sub>1.1</sub>. Stationary sources, such as the developed steel industry, made a great contribution to the level of PAHs, especially in late summer.
format	article
author	Weiqian Wang Qingyue Wang Daisuke Nakajima Senlin Lu Kai Xiao Tanzin Chowdhury Miho Suzuki Fenwu Liu
author_facet	Weiqian Wang Qingyue Wang Daisuke Nakajima Senlin Lu Kai Xiao Tanzin Chowdhury Miho Suzuki Fenwu Liu
author_sort	Weiqian Wang
title	Industrial Source Contributions and Health Risk Assessment of Fine Particle-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) during Spring and Late Summer in the Baoshan Area, Shanghai
title_short	Industrial Source Contributions and Health Risk Assessment of Fine Particle-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) during Spring and Late Summer in the Baoshan Area, Shanghai
title_full	Industrial Source Contributions and Health Risk Assessment of Fine Particle-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) during Spring and Late Summer in the Baoshan Area, Shanghai
title_fullStr	Industrial Source Contributions and Health Risk Assessment of Fine Particle-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) during Spring and Late Summer in the Baoshan Area, Shanghai
title_full_unstemmed	Industrial Source Contributions and Health Risk Assessment of Fine Particle-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) during Spring and Late Summer in the Baoshan Area, Shanghai
title_sort	industrial source contributions and health risk assessment of fine particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) during spring and late summer in the baoshan area, shanghai
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/a6870009e5df4b23ab748cd4a37edf7a
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Industrial Source Contributions and Health Risk Assessment of Fine Particle-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) during Spring and Late Summer in the Baoshan Area, Shanghai

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