Spatial and Temporal Variations of Freezing and Thawing Indices From 1960 to 2020 in Mongolia

Mongolia is one of the most sensitive regions to climate change, located in the transition of several natural and permafrost zones. Long-term trends in air freezing and thawing indices can therefore enhance our understanding of climate change. This study focuses on changes of the spatiotemporal patt...

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Autores principales:	Avirmed Dashtseren, Khurelbaatar Temuujin, Sebastian Westermann, Altangerel Batbold, Yondon Amarbayasgalan, Dorjgotov Battogtokh
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	freezing index thawing index transition zones climate warming Mongolia Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/a6addac76b5545a0b910d278f372af0d
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:a6addac76b5545a0b910d278f372af0d2021-11-11T09:35:36ZSpatial and Temporal Variations of Freezing and Thawing Indices From 1960 to 2020 in Mongolia2296-646310.3389/feart.2021.713498https://doaj.org/article/a6addac76b5545a0b910d278f372af0d2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2021.713498/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/2296-6463Mongolia is one of the most sensitive regions to climate change, located in the transition of several natural and permafrost zones. Long-term trends in air freezing and thawing indices can therefore enhance our understanding of climate change. This study focuses on changes of the spatiotemporal patterns in air freezing and thawing indices over Mongolia from 1960 to 2020, using observations at 30 meteorological stations. Our results shows that the freezing index ranges from −945.5 to −4,793.6°C day, while the thawing index ranges from 1,164.4 to 4,021.3°C day over Mongolia, and their spatial patterns clearly link to the latitude and altitude. During the study period, the trend in the thawing index (14.4°C-day per year) was larger than the trend in the freezing index (up to −10.1°C-day per year), which results in the net increase of air temperature by 2.4°C across Mongolia. Overall, the increase in the thawing index was larger in the low latitudes and altitudes (e.g., the Gobi-desert, steppes, the Great lake depression and major river valleys) than in high latitudes and altitudes (mountain regions), while it was the opposite for the freezing index. The highest values for both thawing index and freezing index (i.e. the least negative values) have occurred during the last 2 decades. As the trends in the freezing and thawing indices and mean annual air temperature confirm intensive climate warming, increased permafrost degradation and shallower seasonally frozen ground are expected throughout Mongolia.Avirmed DashtserenKhurelbaatar TemuujinSebastian WestermannAltangerel BatboldYondon AmarbayasgalanDorjgotov BattogtokhFrontiers Media S.A.articlefreezing indexthawing indextransition zonesclimate warmingMongoliaScienceQENFrontiers in Earth Science, Vol 9 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	freezing index thawing index transition zones climate warming Mongolia Science Q
spellingShingle	freezing index thawing index transition zones climate warming Mongolia Science Q Avirmed Dashtseren Khurelbaatar Temuujin Sebastian Westermann Altangerel Batbold Yondon Amarbayasgalan Dorjgotov Battogtokh Spatial and Temporal Variations of Freezing and Thawing Indices From 1960 to 2020 in Mongolia
description	Mongolia is one of the most sensitive regions to climate change, located in the transition of several natural and permafrost zones. Long-term trends in air freezing and thawing indices can therefore enhance our understanding of climate change. This study focuses on changes of the spatiotemporal patterns in air freezing and thawing indices over Mongolia from 1960 to 2020, using observations at 30 meteorological stations. Our results shows that the freezing index ranges from −945.5 to −4,793.6°C day, while the thawing index ranges from 1,164.4 to 4,021.3°C day over Mongolia, and their spatial patterns clearly link to the latitude and altitude. During the study period, the trend in the thawing index (14.4°C-day per year) was larger than the trend in the freezing index (up to −10.1°C-day per year), which results in the net increase of air temperature by 2.4°C across Mongolia. Overall, the increase in the thawing index was larger in the low latitudes and altitudes (e.g., the Gobi-desert, steppes, the Great lake depression and major river valleys) than in high latitudes and altitudes (mountain regions), while it was the opposite for the freezing index. The highest values for both thawing index and freezing index (i.e. the least negative values) have occurred during the last 2 decades. As the trends in the freezing and thawing indices and mean annual air temperature confirm intensive climate warming, increased permafrost degradation and shallower seasonally frozen ground are expected throughout Mongolia.
format	article
author	Avirmed Dashtseren Khurelbaatar Temuujin Sebastian Westermann Altangerel Batbold Yondon Amarbayasgalan Dorjgotov Battogtokh
author_facet	Avirmed Dashtseren Khurelbaatar Temuujin Sebastian Westermann Altangerel Batbold Yondon Amarbayasgalan Dorjgotov Battogtokh
author_sort	Avirmed Dashtseren
title	Spatial and Temporal Variations of Freezing and Thawing Indices From 1960 to 2020 in Mongolia
title_short	Spatial and Temporal Variations of Freezing and Thawing Indices From 1960 to 2020 in Mongolia
title_full	Spatial and Temporal Variations of Freezing and Thawing Indices From 1960 to 2020 in Mongolia
title_fullStr	Spatial and Temporal Variations of Freezing and Thawing Indices From 1960 to 2020 in Mongolia
title_full_unstemmed	Spatial and Temporal Variations of Freezing and Thawing Indices From 1960 to 2020 in Mongolia
title_sort	spatial and temporal variations of freezing and thawing indices from 1960 to 2020 in mongolia
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/a6addac76b5545a0b910d278f372af0d
work_keys_str_mv	AT avirmeddashtseren spatialandtemporalvariationsoffreezingandthawingindicesfrom1960to2020inmongolia AT khurelbaatartemuujin spatialandtemporalvariationsoffreezingandthawingindicesfrom1960to2020inmongolia AT sebastianwestermann spatialandtemporalvariationsoffreezingandthawingindicesfrom1960to2020inmongolia AT altangerelbatbold spatialandtemporalvariationsoffreezingandthawingindicesfrom1960to2020inmongolia AT yondonamarbayasgalan spatialandtemporalvariationsoffreezingandthawingindicesfrom1960to2020inmongolia AT dorjgotovbattogtokh spatialandtemporalvariationsoffreezingandthawingindicesfrom1960to2020inmongolia
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Spatial and Temporal Variations of Freezing and Thawing Indices From 1960 to 2020 in Mongolia

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