Invasive and Non-Invasive Approaches of Electrical Stimulation to Improve Physical Functioning after Spinal Cord Injury

This review of literature provides the latest evidence involving invasive and non-invasive uses of electrical stimulation therapies that assist in restoring functional abilities and the enhancement of quality of life in those with spinal cord injuries. The review includes neuromuscular electrical st...

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Autores principales:	David R. Dolbow, Ashraf S. Gorgey, Tommy W. Sutor, Vanesa Bochkezanian, Kristin Musselman
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	rehabilitation exercise neurological spinal cord injuries paraplegia tetraplegia Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/a6c17b18ac6643aba043545484c1b48e
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:a6c17b18ac6643aba043545484c1b48e2021-11-25T18:02:00ZInvasive and Non-Invasive Approaches of Electrical Stimulation to Improve Physical Functioning after Spinal Cord Injury10.3390/jcm102253562077-0383https://doaj.org/article/a6c17b18ac6643aba043545484c1b48e2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/22/5356https://doaj.org/toc/2077-0383This review of literature provides the latest evidence involving invasive and non-invasive uses of electrical stimulation therapies that assist in restoring functional abilities and the enhancement of quality of life in those with spinal cord injuries. The review includes neuromuscular electrical stimulation and functional electrical stimulation activities that promote improved body composition changes and increased muscular strength, which have been shown to improve abilities in activities of daily living. Recommendations for optimizing electrical stimulation parameters are also reported. Electrical stimulation is also used to enhance the skills of reaching, grasping, standing, and walking, among other activities of daily living. Additionally, we report on the use of invasive and non-invasive neuromodulation techniques targeting improved mobility, including standing, postural control, and assisted walking. We attempt to summarize the effects of epidural stimulation on cardiovascular performance and provide a mechanistic explanation to the current research findings. Future trends such as the combination of epidural stimulation and exoskeletal-assisted walking are also discussed.David R. DolbowAshraf S. GorgeyTommy W. SutorVanesa BochkezanianKristin MusselmanMDPI AGarticlerehabilitationexerciseneurologicalspinal cord injuriesparaplegiatetraplegiaMedicineRENJournal of Clinical Medicine, Vol 10, Iss 5356, p 5356 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	rehabilitation exercise neurological spinal cord injuries paraplegia tetraplegia Medicine R
spellingShingle	rehabilitation exercise neurological spinal cord injuries paraplegia tetraplegia Medicine R David R. Dolbow Ashraf S. Gorgey Tommy W. Sutor Vanesa Bochkezanian Kristin Musselman Invasive and Non-Invasive Approaches of Electrical Stimulation to Improve Physical Functioning after Spinal Cord Injury
description	This review of literature provides the latest evidence involving invasive and non-invasive uses of electrical stimulation therapies that assist in restoring functional abilities and the enhancement of quality of life in those with spinal cord injuries. The review includes neuromuscular electrical stimulation and functional electrical stimulation activities that promote improved body composition changes and increased muscular strength, which have been shown to improve abilities in activities of daily living. Recommendations for optimizing electrical stimulation parameters are also reported. Electrical stimulation is also used to enhance the skills of reaching, grasping, standing, and walking, among other activities of daily living. Additionally, we report on the use of invasive and non-invasive neuromodulation techniques targeting improved mobility, including standing, postural control, and assisted walking. We attempt to summarize the effects of epidural stimulation on cardiovascular performance and provide a mechanistic explanation to the current research findings. Future trends such as the combination of epidural stimulation and exoskeletal-assisted walking are also discussed.
format	article
author	David R. Dolbow Ashraf S. Gorgey Tommy W. Sutor Vanesa Bochkezanian Kristin Musselman
author_facet	David R. Dolbow Ashraf S. Gorgey Tommy W. Sutor Vanesa Bochkezanian Kristin Musselman
author_sort	David R. Dolbow
title	Invasive and Non-Invasive Approaches of Electrical Stimulation to Improve Physical Functioning after Spinal Cord Injury
title_short	Invasive and Non-Invasive Approaches of Electrical Stimulation to Improve Physical Functioning after Spinal Cord Injury
title_full	Invasive and Non-Invasive Approaches of Electrical Stimulation to Improve Physical Functioning after Spinal Cord Injury
title_fullStr	Invasive and Non-Invasive Approaches of Electrical Stimulation to Improve Physical Functioning after Spinal Cord Injury
title_full_unstemmed	Invasive and Non-Invasive Approaches of Electrical Stimulation to Improve Physical Functioning after Spinal Cord Injury
title_sort	invasive and non-invasive approaches of electrical stimulation to improve physical functioning after spinal cord injury
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/a6c17b18ac6643aba043545484c1b48e
work_keys_str_mv	AT davidrdolbow invasiveandnoninvasiveapproachesofelectricalstimulationtoimprovephysicalfunctioningafterspinalcordinjury AT ashrafsgorgey invasiveandnoninvasiveapproachesofelectricalstimulationtoimprovephysicalfunctioningafterspinalcordinjury AT tommywsutor invasiveandnoninvasiveapproachesofelectricalstimulationtoimprovephysicalfunctioningafterspinalcordinjury AT vanesabochkezanian invasiveandnoninvasiveapproachesofelectricalstimulationtoimprovephysicalfunctioningafterspinalcordinjury AT kristinmusselman invasiveandnoninvasiveapproachesofelectricalstimulationtoimprovephysicalfunctioningafterspinalcordinjury
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Invasive and Non-Invasive Approaches of Electrical Stimulation to Improve Physical Functioning after Spinal Cord Injury

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