The role of sex and gender in the changing levels of anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study

Background: Several studies have assessed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on anxiety and depression, but have not focused on the role of sex and gender. This study compared changes in the levels of anxiety and depression (pre- and post-COVID) experienced by individuals of various sexes and gende...

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Autores principales:	Hoda Seens, Shirin Modarresi, James Fraser, Joy C MacDermid, David M Walton, Ruby Grewal
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	SAGE Publishing 2021
Materias:	Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/a6dc9abd98e742cc8b5de8feb40d8953
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:a6dc9abd98e742cc8b5de8feb40d89532021-12-01T23:06:49ZThe role of sex and gender in the changing levels of anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study1745-506510.1177/17455065211062964https://doaj.org/article/a6dc9abd98e742cc8b5de8feb40d89532021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1177/17455065211062964https://doaj.org/toc/1745-5065Background: Several studies have assessed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on anxiety and depression, but have not focused on the role of sex and gender. This study compared changes in the levels of anxiety and depression (pre- and post-COVID) experienced by individuals of various sexes and genders. Methods: We used a cross-sectional online survey that assessed pre- and post-COVID symptoms of anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2) and depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9). General linear modeling (fixed model factorial analysis of variance) was used to evaluate changes in anxiety and depression between pre- and post-pandemic periods and explore differential effects of sex and gender on those changes. Results: Our study included 1847 participants from 43 countries and demonstrated a percentage increase of 57.1% and 74.2% in anxiety and depression, respectively. For the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2 scale (maximum score 6), there was a mean increase in anxiety by sex for male, female, and other of 1.0, 1.2, and 1.4, respectively; and by gender for man, woman, and others of 0.9, 1.3, and 1.6, respectively. For the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (maximum score 27), there was a mean increase in depressive symptoms by sex for male, female, and other of 3.6, 4.7, and 5.5 respectively; and by gender for man, woman, and others of 3.3, 4.8, and 6.5, respectively. Conclusion: During COVID-19, there was an increase in anxiety and depressive symptoms for all sexes and genders, with the greatest increases reported by those identifying as non-male and non-men.Hoda SeensShirin ModarresiJames FraserJoy C MacDermidDavid M WaltonRuby GrewalSAGE PublishingarticleMedicineRENWomen's Health, Vol 17 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R
spellingShingle	Medicine R Hoda Seens Shirin Modarresi James Fraser Joy C MacDermid David M Walton Ruby Grewal The role of sex and gender in the changing levels of anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study
description	Background: Several studies have assessed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on anxiety and depression, but have not focused on the role of sex and gender. This study compared changes in the levels of anxiety and depression (pre- and post-COVID) experienced by individuals of various sexes and genders. Methods: We used a cross-sectional online survey that assessed pre- and post-COVID symptoms of anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2) and depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9). General linear modeling (fixed model factorial analysis of variance) was used to evaluate changes in anxiety and depression between pre- and post-pandemic periods and explore differential effects of sex and gender on those changes. Results: Our study included 1847 participants from 43 countries and demonstrated a percentage increase of 57.1% and 74.2% in anxiety and depression, respectively. For the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2 scale (maximum score 6), there was a mean increase in anxiety by sex for male, female, and other of 1.0, 1.2, and 1.4, respectively; and by gender for man, woman, and others of 0.9, 1.3, and 1.6, respectively. For the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (maximum score 27), there was a mean increase in depressive symptoms by sex for male, female, and other of 3.6, 4.7, and 5.5 respectively; and by gender for man, woman, and others of 3.3, 4.8, and 6.5, respectively. Conclusion: During COVID-19, there was an increase in anxiety and depressive symptoms for all sexes and genders, with the greatest increases reported by those identifying as non-male and non-men.
format	article
author	Hoda Seens Shirin Modarresi James Fraser Joy C MacDermid David M Walton Ruby Grewal
author_facet	Hoda Seens Shirin Modarresi James Fraser Joy C MacDermid David M Walton Ruby Grewal
author_sort	Hoda Seens
title	The role of sex and gender in the changing levels of anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study
title_short	The role of sex and gender in the changing levels of anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study
title_full	The role of sex and gender in the changing levels of anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study
title_fullStr	The role of sex and gender in the changing levels of anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study
title_full_unstemmed	The role of sex and gender in the changing levels of anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study
title_sort	role of sex and gender in the changing levels of anxiety and depression during the covid-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study
publisher	SAGE Publishing
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/a6dc9abd98e742cc8b5de8feb40d8953
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The role of sex and gender in the changing levels of anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study

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