<italic toggle="yes">Panicum Mosaic Virus</italic> and Its Satellites Acquire RNA Modifications Associated with Host-Mediated Antiviral Degradation

ABSTRACT Positive-sense RNA viruses in the Tombusviridae family have genomes lacking a 5′ cap structure and prototypical 3′ polyadenylation sequence. Instead, these viruses utilize an extensive network of intramolecular RNA-RNA interactions to direct viral replication and gene expression. Here we de...

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Autores principales:	Jesse D. Pyle, Kranthi K. Mandadi, Karen-Beth G. Scholthof
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2019
Materias:	Panicum mosaic virus polyadenylation positive-sense RNA virus RNA degradation satellite virus Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/a74b8f1add8947ee8a56f0608bd8989d
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:a74b8f1add8947ee8a56f0608bd8989d2021-11-15T16:22:10Z<italic toggle="yes">Panicum Mosaic Virus</italic> and Its Satellites Acquire RNA Modifications Associated with Host-Mediated Antiviral Degradation10.1128/mBio.01900-192150-7511https://doaj.org/article/a74b8f1add8947ee8a56f0608bd8989d2019-08-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mBio.01900-19https://doaj.org/toc/2150-7511ABSTRACT Positive-sense RNA viruses in the Tombusviridae family have genomes lacking a 5′ cap structure and prototypical 3′ polyadenylation sequence. Instead, these viruses utilize an extensive network of intramolecular RNA-RNA interactions to direct viral replication and gene expression. Here we demonstrate that the genomic RNAs of Panicum mosaic virus (PMV) and its satellites undergo sequence modifications at their 3′ ends upon infection of host cells. Changes to the viral and subviral genomes arise de novo within Brachypodium distachyon (herein called Brachypodium) and proso millet, two alternative hosts of PMV, and exist in the infections of a native host, St. Augustinegrass. These modifications are defined by polyadenylation [poly(A)] events and significant truncations of the helper virus 3′ untranslated region–a region containing satellite RNA recombination motifs and conserved viral translational enhancer elements. The genomes of PMV and its satellite virus (SPMV) were reconstructed from multiple poly(A)-selected Brachypodium transcriptome data sets. Moreover, the polyadenylated forms of PMV and SPMV RNAs copurify with their respective mature icosahedral virions. The changes to viral and subviral genomes upon infection are discussed in the context of a previously understudied poly(A)-mediated antiviral RNA degradation pathway and the potential impact on virus evolution. IMPORTANCE The genomes of positive-sense RNA viruses have an intrinsic capacity to serve directly as mRNAs upon viral entry into a host cell. These RNAs often lack a 5′ cap structure and 3′ polyadenylation sequence, requiring unconventional strategies for cap-independent translation and subversion of the cellular RNA degradation machinery. For tombusviruses, critical translational regulatory elements are encoded within the 3′ untranslated region of the viral genomes. Here we describe RNA modifications occurring within the genomes of Panicum mosaic virus (PMV), a prototypical tombusvirus, and its satellite agents (i.e., satellite virus and noncoding satellite RNAs), all of which depend on the PMV-encoded RNA polymerase for replication. The atypical RNAs are defined by terminal polyadenylation and truncation events within the 3′ untranslated region of the PMV genome. These modifications are reminiscent of host-mediated RNA degradation strategies and likely represent a previously underappreciated defense mechanism against invasive nucleic acids.Jesse D. PyleKranthi K. MandadiKaren-Beth G. ScholthofAmerican Society for MicrobiologyarticlePanicum mosaic viruspolyadenylationpositive-sense RNA virusRNA degradationsatellite virusMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmBio, Vol 10, Iss 4 (2019)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Panicum mosaic virus polyadenylation positive-sense RNA virus RNA degradation satellite virus Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	Panicum mosaic virus polyadenylation positive-sense RNA virus RNA degradation satellite virus Microbiology QR1-502 Jesse D. Pyle Kranthi K. Mandadi Karen-Beth G. Scholthof <italic toggle="yes">Panicum Mosaic Virus</italic> and Its Satellites Acquire RNA Modifications Associated with Host-Mediated Antiviral Degradation
description	ABSTRACT Positive-sense RNA viruses in the Tombusviridae family have genomes lacking a 5′ cap structure and prototypical 3′ polyadenylation sequence. Instead, these viruses utilize an extensive network of intramolecular RNA-RNA interactions to direct viral replication and gene expression. Here we demonstrate that the genomic RNAs of Panicum mosaic virus (PMV) and its satellites undergo sequence modifications at their 3′ ends upon infection of host cells. Changes to the viral and subviral genomes arise de novo within Brachypodium distachyon (herein called Brachypodium) and proso millet, two alternative hosts of PMV, and exist in the infections of a native host, St. Augustinegrass. These modifications are defined by polyadenylation [poly(A)] events and significant truncations of the helper virus 3′ untranslated region–a region containing satellite RNA recombination motifs and conserved viral translational enhancer elements. The genomes of PMV and its satellite virus (SPMV) were reconstructed from multiple poly(A)-selected Brachypodium transcriptome data sets. Moreover, the polyadenylated forms of PMV and SPMV RNAs copurify with their respective mature icosahedral virions. The changes to viral and subviral genomes upon infection are discussed in the context of a previously understudied poly(A)-mediated antiviral RNA degradation pathway and the potential impact on virus evolution. IMPORTANCE The genomes of positive-sense RNA viruses have an intrinsic capacity to serve directly as mRNAs upon viral entry into a host cell. These RNAs often lack a 5′ cap structure and 3′ polyadenylation sequence, requiring unconventional strategies for cap-independent translation and subversion of the cellular RNA degradation machinery. For tombusviruses, critical translational regulatory elements are encoded within the 3′ untranslated region of the viral genomes. Here we describe RNA modifications occurring within the genomes of Panicum mosaic virus (PMV), a prototypical tombusvirus, and its satellite agents (i.e., satellite virus and noncoding satellite RNAs), all of which depend on the PMV-encoded RNA polymerase for replication. The atypical RNAs are defined by terminal polyadenylation and truncation events within the 3′ untranslated region of the PMV genome. These modifications are reminiscent of host-mediated RNA degradation strategies and likely represent a previously underappreciated defense mechanism against invasive nucleic acids.
format	article
author	Jesse D. Pyle Kranthi K. Mandadi Karen-Beth G. Scholthof
author_facet	Jesse D. Pyle Kranthi K. Mandadi Karen-Beth G. Scholthof
author_sort	Jesse D. Pyle
title	<italic toggle="yes">Panicum Mosaic Virus</italic> and Its Satellites Acquire RNA Modifications Associated with Host-Mediated Antiviral Degradation
title_short	<italic toggle="yes">Panicum Mosaic Virus</italic> and Its Satellites Acquire RNA Modifications Associated with Host-Mediated Antiviral Degradation
title_full	<italic toggle="yes">Panicum Mosaic Virus</italic> and Its Satellites Acquire RNA Modifications Associated with Host-Mediated Antiviral Degradation
title_fullStr	<italic toggle="yes">Panicum Mosaic Virus</italic> and Its Satellites Acquire RNA Modifications Associated with Host-Mediated Antiviral Degradation
title_full_unstemmed	<italic toggle="yes">Panicum Mosaic Virus</italic> and Its Satellites Acquire RNA Modifications Associated with Host-Mediated Antiviral Degradation
title_sort	<italic toggle="yes">panicum mosaic virus</italic> and its satellites acquire rna modifications associated with host-mediated antiviral degradation
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2019
url	https://doaj.org/article/a74b8f1add8947ee8a56f0608bd8989d
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<italic toggle="yes">Panicum Mosaic Virus</italic> and Its Satellites Acquire RNA Modifications Associated with Host-Mediated Antiviral Degradation

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