Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) in healthcare facilities of 14 low- and middle-income countries: to what extent is WASH implemented and what are the ‘drivers’ of improvement in their service levels?

Prevention and control of healthcare-associated infections through the provision of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) in healthcare facilities (HCF) is inadequate in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), resulting in high patient morbidity and mortality, additional costs, and increased risk...

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Autores principales:	Laura Kmentt, Ryan Cronk, James Benjamin Tidwell, Elliott Rogers
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	IWA Publishing 2021
Materias:	capacity building lmic service levels wash River, lake, and water-supply engineering (General) TC401-506 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/a791e02762d94ba8ac8f3bb30e3e5eb0
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:a791e02762d94ba8ac8f3bb30e3e5eb02021-11-08T07:59:39ZWater, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) in healthcare facilities of 14 low- and middle-income countries: to what extent is WASH implemented and what are the ‘drivers’ of improvement in their service levels?2616-651810.2166/h2oj.2021.095https://doaj.org/article/a791e02762d94ba8ac8f3bb30e3e5eb02021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttp://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2021.095https://doaj.org/toc/2616-6518Prevention and control of healthcare-associated infections through the provision of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) in healthcare facilities (HCF) is inadequate in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), resulting in high patient morbidity and mortality, additional costs, and increased risk of antibiotic resistance. There is little evidence describing factors leading to improved WASH conditions in LMICs. We aim to identify the extent to which WASH is implemented in HCFs in LMICs and understand the ‘drivers’ of improvement in their service levels. WASH service levels in 14 LMICs were descriptively analysed, and potential drivers of service-level differences were explored using univariable and multivariable mixed-model logistic regression analyses. Descriptive analysis showed a lack of adequate water quality, sanitation, hand, and environmental hygiene, and waste disposal. We found that the presence of infection prevention and control protocols (IPCPs), having an IPC/WASH focal person at the facility, and conducting WASH training for staff were associated with higher levels of WASH services. This study demonstrates a lack of basic WASH services in HCF in LMICs. We show that there are potential interventions, such as implementing IPCPs, identifying WASH leaders in HCF, and conducting training that may lead to service improvements. HIGHLIGHTS Infection prevention and control protocols, a facility WASH focal person, and WASH training for staff could improve WASH service levels at facilities.; Managerial interventions could be just as vital as hardware interventions in improving WASH service levels at facilities.; The SDG WASH in healthcare facility targets are not met in most LMICs.; Research into the policy context for local capacity building is required.;Laura KmenttRyan CronkJames Benjamin TidwellElliott RogersIWA Publishingarticlecapacity buildinglmicservice levelswashRiver, lake, and water-supply engineering (General)TC401-506Water supply for domestic and industrial purposesTD201-500ENH2Open Journal, Vol 4, Iss 1, Pp 129-137 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	capacity building lmic service levels wash River, lake, and water-supply engineering (General) TC401-506 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500
spellingShingle	capacity building lmic service levels wash River, lake, and water-supply engineering (General) TC401-506 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500 Laura Kmentt Ryan Cronk James Benjamin Tidwell Elliott Rogers Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) in healthcare facilities of 14 low- and middle-income countries: to what extent is WASH implemented and what are the ‘drivers’ of improvement in their service levels?
description	Prevention and control of healthcare-associated infections through the provision of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) in healthcare facilities (HCF) is inadequate in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), resulting in high patient morbidity and mortality, additional costs, and increased risk of antibiotic resistance. There is little evidence describing factors leading to improved WASH conditions in LMICs. We aim to identify the extent to which WASH is implemented in HCFs in LMICs and understand the ‘drivers’ of improvement in their service levels. WASH service levels in 14 LMICs were descriptively analysed, and potential drivers of service-level differences were explored using univariable and multivariable mixed-model logistic regression analyses. Descriptive analysis showed a lack of adequate water quality, sanitation, hand, and environmental hygiene, and waste disposal. We found that the presence of infection prevention and control protocols (IPCPs), having an IPC/WASH focal person at the facility, and conducting WASH training for staff were associated with higher levels of WASH services. This study demonstrates a lack of basic WASH services in HCF in LMICs. We show that there are potential interventions, such as implementing IPCPs, identifying WASH leaders in HCF, and conducting training that may lead to service improvements. HIGHLIGHTS Infection prevention and control protocols, a facility WASH focal person, and WASH training for staff could improve WASH service levels at facilities.; Managerial interventions could be just as vital as hardware interventions in improving WASH service levels at facilities.; The SDG WASH in healthcare facility targets are not met in most LMICs.; Research into the policy context for local capacity building is required.;
format	article
author	Laura Kmentt Ryan Cronk James Benjamin Tidwell Elliott Rogers
author_facet	Laura Kmentt Ryan Cronk James Benjamin Tidwell Elliott Rogers
author_sort	Laura Kmentt
title	Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) in healthcare facilities of 14 low- and middle-income countries: to what extent is WASH implemented and what are the ‘drivers’ of improvement in their service levels?
title_short	Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) in healthcare facilities of 14 low- and middle-income countries: to what extent is WASH implemented and what are the ‘drivers’ of improvement in their service levels?
title_full	Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) in healthcare facilities of 14 low- and middle-income countries: to what extent is WASH implemented and what are the ‘drivers’ of improvement in their service levels?
title_fullStr	Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) in healthcare facilities of 14 low- and middle-income countries: to what extent is WASH implemented and what are the ‘drivers’ of improvement in their service levels?
title_full_unstemmed	Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) in healthcare facilities of 14 low- and middle-income countries: to what extent is WASH implemented and what are the ‘drivers’ of improvement in their service levels?
title_sort	water, sanitation, and hygiene (wash) in healthcare facilities of 14 low- and middle-income countries: to what extent is wash implemented and what are the ‘drivers’ of improvement in their service levels?
publisher	IWA Publishing
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/a791e02762d94ba8ac8f3bb30e3e5eb0
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Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) in healthcare facilities of 14 low- and middle-income countries: to what extent is WASH implemented and what are the ‘drivers’ of improvement in their service levels?

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