In Vitro and In Vivo Models to Assess the Immune-Related Effects of Nanomaterials

The immunological safety of drugs, nanomaterials and contaminants is a central point in the regulatory evaluation and safety monitoring of working and public places and of the environment. In fact, anomalies in immune responses may cause diseases and hamper the physical and functional integrity of l...

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Autores principales:	Diana Boraschi, Dongjie Li, Yang Li, Paola Italiani
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	cell lines experimental models immunosafety immunotoxicity in vitro models in vivo models Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/a792537d2fdf44778fe9a6b51f74b259
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:a792537d2fdf44778fe9a6b51f74b2592021-11-25T17:48:12ZIn Vitro and In Vivo Models to Assess the Immune-Related Effects of Nanomaterials10.3390/ijerph1822117691660-46011661-7827https://doaj.org/article/a792537d2fdf44778fe9a6b51f74b2592021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/22/11769https://doaj.org/toc/1661-7827https://doaj.org/toc/1660-4601The immunological safety of drugs, nanomaterials and contaminants is a central point in the regulatory evaluation and safety monitoring of working and public places and of the environment. In fact, anomalies in immune responses may cause diseases and hamper the physical and functional integrity of living organisms, from plants to human beings. In the case of nanomaterials, many experimental models are used for assessing their immunosafety, some of which have been adopted by regulatory bodies. All of them, however, suffer from shortcomings and approximations, and may be inaccurate in representing real-life responses, thereby leading to incomplete, incorrect or even misleading predictions. Here, we review the advantages and disadvantages of current nanoimmunosafety models, comparing in vivo vs. in vitro models and examining the use of animal vs. human cells, primary vs. transformed cells, complex multicellular and 3D models, organoids and organs-on-chip, in view of implementing a reliable and personalized nanoimmunosafety testing. The general conclusion is that the choice of testing models is key for obtaining reliable predictive information, and therefore special attention should be devoted to selecting the most relevant and realistic suite of models in order to generate relevant information that can allow for safer-by-design nanotechnological developments.Diana BoraschiDongjie LiYang LiPaola ItalianiMDPI AGarticlecell linesexperimental modelsimmunosafetyimmunotoxicityin vitro modelsin vivo modelsMedicineRENInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 18, Iss 11769, p 11769 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	cell lines experimental models immunosafety immunotoxicity in vitro models in vivo models Medicine R
spellingShingle	cell lines experimental models immunosafety immunotoxicity in vitro models in vivo models Medicine R Diana Boraschi Dongjie Li Yang Li Paola Italiani In Vitro and In Vivo Models to Assess the Immune-Related Effects of Nanomaterials
description	The immunological safety of drugs, nanomaterials and contaminants is a central point in the regulatory evaluation and safety monitoring of working and public places and of the environment. In fact, anomalies in immune responses may cause diseases and hamper the physical and functional integrity of living organisms, from plants to human beings. In the case of nanomaterials, many experimental models are used for assessing their immunosafety, some of which have been adopted by regulatory bodies. All of them, however, suffer from shortcomings and approximations, and may be inaccurate in representing real-life responses, thereby leading to incomplete, incorrect or even misleading predictions. Here, we review the advantages and disadvantages of current nanoimmunosafety models, comparing in vivo vs. in vitro models and examining the use of animal vs. human cells, primary vs. transformed cells, complex multicellular and 3D models, organoids and organs-on-chip, in view of implementing a reliable and personalized nanoimmunosafety testing. The general conclusion is that the choice of testing models is key for obtaining reliable predictive information, and therefore special attention should be devoted to selecting the most relevant and realistic suite of models in order to generate relevant information that can allow for safer-by-design nanotechnological developments.
format	article
author	Diana Boraschi Dongjie Li Yang Li Paola Italiani
author_facet	Diana Boraschi Dongjie Li Yang Li Paola Italiani
author_sort	Diana Boraschi
title	In Vitro and In Vivo Models to Assess the Immune-Related Effects of Nanomaterials
title_short	In Vitro and In Vivo Models to Assess the Immune-Related Effects of Nanomaterials
title_full	In Vitro and In Vivo Models to Assess the Immune-Related Effects of Nanomaterials
title_fullStr	In Vitro and In Vivo Models to Assess the Immune-Related Effects of Nanomaterials
title_full_unstemmed	In Vitro and In Vivo Models to Assess the Immune-Related Effects of Nanomaterials
title_sort	in vitro and in vivo models to assess the immune-related effects of nanomaterials
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/a792537d2fdf44778fe9a6b51f74b259
work_keys_str_mv	AT dianaboraschi invitroandinvivomodelstoassesstheimmunerelatedeffectsofnanomaterials AT dongjieli invitroandinvivomodelstoassesstheimmunerelatedeffectsofnanomaterials AT yangli invitroandinvivomodelstoassesstheimmunerelatedeffectsofnanomaterials AT paolaitaliani invitroandinvivomodelstoassesstheimmunerelatedeffectsofnanomaterials
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In Vitro and In Vivo Models to Assess the Immune-Related Effects of Nanomaterials

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