On the Origin and Evolution of <i>Drosophila</i> New Genes during Spermatogenesis

The origin of functional new genes is a basic biological process that has significant contribution to organismal diversity. Previous studies in both <i>Drosophila</i> and mammals showed that new genes tend to be expressed in testes and avoid the X chromosome, presumably because of meioti...

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Autores principales:	Qianwei Su, Huangyi He, Qi Zhou
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	new genes single-cell RNA-seq meiotic sex chromosome inactivation out of the X Genetics QH426-470
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/a7c87cd560ba4404b843b298dc7ed286
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:a7c87cd560ba4404b843b298dc7ed2862021-11-25T17:42:05ZOn the Origin and Evolution of <i>Drosophila</i> New Genes during Spermatogenesis10.3390/genes121117962073-4425https://doaj.org/article/a7c87cd560ba4404b843b298dc7ed2862021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/12/11/1796https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4425The origin of functional new genes is a basic biological process that has significant contribution to organismal diversity. Previous studies in both <i>Drosophila</i> and mammals showed that new genes tend to be expressed in testes and avoid the X chromosome, presumably because of meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI). Here, we analyze the published single-cell transcriptome data of <i>Drosophila</i> adult testis and find an enrichment of male germline mitotic genes, but an underrepresentation of meiotic genes on the X chromosome. This can be attributed to an excess of autosomal meiotic genes that were derived from their X-linked mitotic progenitors, which provides direct cell-level evidence for MSCI in <i>Drosophila</i>. We reveal that new genes, particularly those produced by retrotransposition, tend to exhibit an expression shift toward late spermatogenesis compared with their parental copies, probably due to the more intensive sperm competition or sexual conflict. Our results dissect the complex factors including age, the origination mechanisms and the chromosomal locations that influence the new gene origination and evolution in testes, and identify new gene cases that show divergent cell-level expression patterns from their progenitors for future functional studies.Qianwei SuHuangyi HeQi ZhouMDPI AGarticlenew genessingle-cell RNA-seqmeiotic sex chromosome inactivationout of the XGeneticsQH426-470ENGenes, Vol 12, Iss 1796, p 1796 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	new genes single-cell RNA-seq meiotic sex chromosome inactivation out of the X Genetics QH426-470
spellingShingle	new genes single-cell RNA-seq meiotic sex chromosome inactivation out of the X Genetics QH426-470 Qianwei Su Huangyi He Qi Zhou On the Origin and Evolution of <i>Drosophila</i> New Genes during Spermatogenesis
description	The origin of functional new genes is a basic biological process that has significant contribution to organismal diversity. Previous studies in both <i>Drosophila</i> and mammals showed that new genes tend to be expressed in testes and avoid the X chromosome, presumably because of meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI). Here, we analyze the published single-cell transcriptome data of <i>Drosophila</i> adult testis and find an enrichment of male germline mitotic genes, but an underrepresentation of meiotic genes on the X chromosome. This can be attributed to an excess of autosomal meiotic genes that were derived from their X-linked mitotic progenitors, which provides direct cell-level evidence for MSCI in <i>Drosophila</i>. We reveal that new genes, particularly those produced by retrotransposition, tend to exhibit an expression shift toward late spermatogenesis compared with their parental copies, probably due to the more intensive sperm competition or sexual conflict. Our results dissect the complex factors including age, the origination mechanisms and the chromosomal locations that influence the new gene origination and evolution in testes, and identify new gene cases that show divergent cell-level expression patterns from their progenitors for future functional studies.
format	article
author	Qianwei Su Huangyi He Qi Zhou
author_facet	Qianwei Su Huangyi He Qi Zhou
author_sort	Qianwei Su
title	On the Origin and Evolution of <i>Drosophila</i> New Genes during Spermatogenesis
title_short	On the Origin and Evolution of <i>Drosophila</i> New Genes during Spermatogenesis
title_full	On the Origin and Evolution of <i>Drosophila</i> New Genes during Spermatogenesis
title_fullStr	On the Origin and Evolution of <i>Drosophila</i> New Genes during Spermatogenesis
title_full_unstemmed	On the Origin and Evolution of <i>Drosophila</i> New Genes during Spermatogenesis
title_sort	on the origin and evolution of <i>drosophila</i> new genes during spermatogenesis
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/a7c87cd560ba4404b843b298dc7ed286
work_keys_str_mv	AT qianweisu ontheoriginandevolutionofidrosophilainewgenesduringspermatogenesis AT huangyihe ontheoriginandevolutionofidrosophilainewgenesduringspermatogenesis AT qizhou ontheoriginandevolutionofidrosophilainewgenesduringspermatogenesis
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On the Origin and Evolution of <i>Drosophila</i> New Genes during Spermatogenesis

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