Epidemiologic, Clinical and Immunological Consequences of Co-Infections during Canine Leishmaniosis

Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is a vector-borne, parasitic disease. CanL is endemic in the Mediterranean basin and South America but also found in Northern Africa, Asia, and the U.S. Regions with both competent sand fly vectors and <i>L. infantum</i> parasites are also endemic for addition...

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Auteurs principaux: Erin A. Beasley, Danielle Pessôa-Pereira, Breanna M. Scorza, Christine A. Petersen
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Langue:EN
Publié: MDPI AG 2021
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spelling oai:doaj.org-article:a847010e9e284d6c87b45cf0fe359b7f2021-11-25T16:19:04ZEpidemiologic, Clinical and Immunological Consequences of Co-Infections during Canine Leishmaniosis10.3390/ani111132062076-2615https://doaj.org/article/a847010e9e284d6c87b45cf0fe359b7f2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/11/3206https://doaj.org/toc/2076-2615Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is a vector-borne, parasitic disease. CanL is endemic in the Mediterranean basin and South America but also found in Northern Africa, Asia, and the U.S. Regions with both competent sand fly vectors and <i>L. infantum</i> parasites are also endemic for additional infectious diseases that could cause co-infections in dogs. Growing evidence indicates that co-infections can impact immunologic responses and thus the clinical course of both CanL and the comorbid disease(s). The aim for this review is to summarize epidemiologic, clinical, and immunologic factors contributing to eight primary co-infections reported with CanL: <i>Ehrlichia</i> spp., <i>Anaplasma</i> spp., <i>Borrelia</i> spp., <i>Babesia</i> spp., <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i>, <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>, <i>Dirofilaria immitis</i>, <i>Paracoccidioides braziliensis</i>. Co-infection causes mechanistic differences in immunity which can alter diagnostics, therapeutic management, and prognosis of dogs with CanL. More research is needed to further explore immunomodulation during CanL co-infection(s) and their clinical impact.Erin A. BeasleyDanielle Pessôa-PereiraBreanna M. ScorzaChristine A. PetersenMDPI AGarticleco-infectionscanine leishmaniosisrisk factorspathogenesisimmunityepidemiologyVeterinary medicineSF600-1100ZoologyQL1-991ENAnimals, Vol 11, Iss 3206, p 3206 (2021)
institution DOAJ
collection DOAJ
language EN
topic co-infections
canine leishmaniosis
risk factors
pathogenesis
immunity
epidemiology
Veterinary medicine
SF600-1100
Zoology
QL1-991
spellingShingle co-infections
canine leishmaniosis
risk factors
pathogenesis
immunity
epidemiology
Veterinary medicine
SF600-1100
Zoology
QL1-991
Erin A. Beasley
Danielle Pessôa-Pereira
Breanna M. Scorza
Christine A. Petersen
Epidemiologic, Clinical and Immunological Consequences of Co-Infections during Canine Leishmaniosis
description Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is a vector-borne, parasitic disease. CanL is endemic in the Mediterranean basin and South America but also found in Northern Africa, Asia, and the U.S. Regions with both competent sand fly vectors and <i>L. infantum</i> parasites are also endemic for additional infectious diseases that could cause co-infections in dogs. Growing evidence indicates that co-infections can impact immunologic responses and thus the clinical course of both CanL and the comorbid disease(s). The aim for this review is to summarize epidemiologic, clinical, and immunologic factors contributing to eight primary co-infections reported with CanL: <i>Ehrlichia</i> spp., <i>Anaplasma</i> spp., <i>Borrelia</i> spp., <i>Babesia</i> spp., <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i>, <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>, <i>Dirofilaria immitis</i>, <i>Paracoccidioides braziliensis</i>. Co-infection causes mechanistic differences in immunity which can alter diagnostics, therapeutic management, and prognosis of dogs with CanL. More research is needed to further explore immunomodulation during CanL co-infection(s) and their clinical impact.
format article
author Erin A. Beasley
Danielle Pessôa-Pereira
Breanna M. Scorza
Christine A. Petersen
author_facet Erin A. Beasley
Danielle Pessôa-Pereira
Breanna M. Scorza
Christine A. Petersen
author_sort Erin A. Beasley
title Epidemiologic, Clinical and Immunological Consequences of Co-Infections during Canine Leishmaniosis
title_short Epidemiologic, Clinical and Immunological Consequences of Co-Infections during Canine Leishmaniosis
title_full Epidemiologic, Clinical and Immunological Consequences of Co-Infections during Canine Leishmaniosis
title_fullStr Epidemiologic, Clinical and Immunological Consequences of Co-Infections during Canine Leishmaniosis
title_full_unstemmed Epidemiologic, Clinical and Immunological Consequences of Co-Infections during Canine Leishmaniosis
title_sort epidemiologic, clinical and immunological consequences of co-infections during canine leishmaniosis
publisher MDPI AG
publishDate 2021
url https://doaj.org/article/a847010e9e284d6c87b45cf0fe359b7f
work_keys_str_mv AT erinabeasley epidemiologicclinicalandimmunologicalconsequencesofcoinfectionsduringcanineleishmaniosis
AT daniellepessoapereira epidemiologicclinicalandimmunologicalconsequencesofcoinfectionsduringcanineleishmaniosis
AT breannamscorza epidemiologicclinicalandimmunologicalconsequencesofcoinfectionsduringcanineleishmaniosis
AT christineapetersen epidemiologicclinicalandimmunologicalconsequencesofcoinfectionsduringcanineleishmaniosis
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