Safe water supply challenges for hand hygiene in the prevention of COVID-19 in Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region (SNNPR), Ethiopia

Background: Proper hand hygiene practices are critical in disease prevention and control, including preventing the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, but according to a recent global report, three billion people lack access to basic hand washing facilities (soap and water) at home. Therefore, this stu...

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Autores principales:	Mekonnen Birhanie Aregu, Girum Gebremeskel Kanno, Zemachu Ashuro, Awash Alembo, Addisu Alemayehu
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Elsevier 2021
Materias:	Challenge COVID-19 Hand hygiene Safe water Prevention Science (General) Q1-390 Social sciences (General) H1-99
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/a84a5ebbcee24bf7b587bcd5afaba076
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:a84a5ebbcee24bf7b587bcd5afaba0762021-12-02T05:03:11ZSafe water supply challenges for hand hygiene in the prevention of COVID-19 in Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region (SNNPR), Ethiopia2405-844010.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08430https://doaj.org/article/a84a5ebbcee24bf7b587bcd5afaba0762021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844021025330https://doaj.org/toc/2405-8440Background: Proper hand hygiene practices are critical in disease prevention and control, including preventing the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, but according to a recent global report, three billion people lack access to basic hand washing facilities (soap and water) at home. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the challenges related to safe and adequate water provision for hand hygiene in the prevention of COVID-19 in Gedeo Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia. Methods: An institutional-based cross-sectional study design was used to assess the challenges associated with safe water supply in the prevention of COVID-19 in Gedeo Zone. Simple random sampling was used. The water sector's challenges were assessed using in-depth interviews with key informants. Water samples were collected from hand washing stations using a sterile bottle and the standard tap water sampling procedure. Bacterial analysis was carried out using membrane filtration techniques. The Wagtech Palin test and the Delagua portable water testing kit procedure was used to analyze World Health Organization (WHO) critical physicochemical parameters. Result: The physicochemical analysis of the sample water from the hand washing facilities reveals that the pH (6.5–8) is within the WHO guideline in all samples except Gedeb town (11.1%). The residual chlorine in the samples was less than 0.2 mg/l, which is below the standard in all towns, but 15.8% of the samples in Wonago town were between 0.2–0.5mg/l. Faecal coliforms were not found in 27.5%, 21.0%, 16.6%, and 40.7% of the samples collected in Dilla, Wonago, Yirgachefe, and Gedeb town, respectively. The remaining samples were all positive for faecal coliforms. Unbalanced demand versus supply, inaccessibility, supply interruptions, financial constraints, a scarcity of competent human resources, a lack of regular water quality assessments, and a lack of stakeholder support were all identified as major challenges by all water sectors of the study towns. The majority of hand washing water samples from all of the study towns were bacteriologically unsafe. The water sector must work hard to ensure that the community has safe drinking water. All responsible bodies and potential stakeholders must support the water sectors in the Gedeo zone.Mekonnen Birhanie AreguGirum Gebremeskel KannoZemachu AshuroAwash AlemboAddisu AlemayehuElsevierarticleChallengeCOVID-19Hand hygieneSafe waterPreventionScience (General)Q1-390Social sciences (General)H1-99ENHeliyon, Vol 7, Iss 11, Pp e08430- (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Challenge COVID-19 Hand hygiene Safe water Prevention Science (General) Q1-390 Social sciences (General) H1-99
spellingShingle	Challenge COVID-19 Hand hygiene Safe water Prevention Science (General) Q1-390 Social sciences (General) H1-99 Mekonnen Birhanie Aregu Girum Gebremeskel Kanno Zemachu Ashuro Awash Alembo Addisu Alemayehu Safe water supply challenges for hand hygiene in the prevention of COVID-19 in Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region (SNNPR), Ethiopia
description	Background: Proper hand hygiene practices are critical in disease prevention and control, including preventing the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, but according to a recent global report, three billion people lack access to basic hand washing facilities (soap and water) at home. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the challenges related to safe and adequate water provision for hand hygiene in the prevention of COVID-19 in Gedeo Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia. Methods: An institutional-based cross-sectional study design was used to assess the challenges associated with safe water supply in the prevention of COVID-19 in Gedeo Zone. Simple random sampling was used. The water sector's challenges were assessed using in-depth interviews with key informants. Water samples were collected from hand washing stations using a sterile bottle and the standard tap water sampling procedure. Bacterial analysis was carried out using membrane filtration techniques. The Wagtech Palin test and the Delagua portable water testing kit procedure was used to analyze World Health Organization (WHO) critical physicochemical parameters. Result: The physicochemical analysis of the sample water from the hand washing facilities reveals that the pH (6.5–8) is within the WHO guideline in all samples except Gedeb town (11.1%). The residual chlorine in the samples was less than 0.2 mg/l, which is below the standard in all towns, but 15.8% of the samples in Wonago town were between 0.2–0.5mg/l. Faecal coliforms were not found in 27.5%, 21.0%, 16.6%, and 40.7% of the samples collected in Dilla, Wonago, Yirgachefe, and Gedeb town, respectively. The remaining samples were all positive for faecal coliforms. Unbalanced demand versus supply, inaccessibility, supply interruptions, financial constraints, a scarcity of competent human resources, a lack of regular water quality assessments, and a lack of stakeholder support were all identified as major challenges by all water sectors of the study towns. The majority of hand washing water samples from all of the study towns were bacteriologically unsafe. The water sector must work hard to ensure that the community has safe drinking water. All responsible bodies and potential stakeholders must support the water sectors in the Gedeo zone.
format	article
author	Mekonnen Birhanie Aregu Girum Gebremeskel Kanno Zemachu Ashuro Awash Alembo Addisu Alemayehu
author_facet	Mekonnen Birhanie Aregu Girum Gebremeskel Kanno Zemachu Ashuro Awash Alembo Addisu Alemayehu
author_sort	Mekonnen Birhanie Aregu
title	Safe water supply challenges for hand hygiene in the prevention of COVID-19 in Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region (SNNPR), Ethiopia
title_short	Safe water supply challenges for hand hygiene in the prevention of COVID-19 in Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region (SNNPR), Ethiopia
title_full	Safe water supply challenges for hand hygiene in the prevention of COVID-19 in Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region (SNNPR), Ethiopia
title_fullStr	Safe water supply challenges for hand hygiene in the prevention of COVID-19 in Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region (SNNPR), Ethiopia
title_full_unstemmed	Safe water supply challenges for hand hygiene in the prevention of COVID-19 in Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region (SNNPR), Ethiopia
title_sort	safe water supply challenges for hand hygiene in the prevention of covid-19 in southern nations, nationalities, and people's region (snnpr), ethiopia
publisher	Elsevier
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/a84a5ebbcee24bf7b587bcd5afaba076
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Safe water supply challenges for hand hygiene in the prevention of COVID-19 in Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region (SNNPR), Ethiopia

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