Antioxidant machinery differs between melanic and light nestlings of two polymorphic raptors.

Colour polymorphism results from the expression of multiallelic genes generating phenotypes with very distinctive colourations. Most colour polymorphisms are due to differences in the type or amount of melanins present in each morph, which also differ in several behavioural, morphometric and physiol...

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Autores principales:	Ismael Galván, Laura Gangoso, Juan M Grande, Juan J Negro, Airam Rodríguez, Jordi Figuerola, Carlos Alonso-Alvarez
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2010
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/a8824ef57db249e09e4df4e299d119ce
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:a8824ef57db249e09e4df4e299d119ce2021-11-18T07:03:19ZAntioxidant machinery differs between melanic and light nestlings of two polymorphic raptors.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0013369https://doaj.org/article/a8824ef57db249e09e4df4e299d119ce2010-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/20976228/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203Colour polymorphism results from the expression of multiallelic genes generating phenotypes with very distinctive colourations. Most colour polymorphisms are due to differences in the type or amount of melanins present in each morph, which also differ in several behavioural, morphometric and physiological attributes. Melanin-based colour morphs could also differ in the levels of glutathione (GSH), a key intracellular antioxidant, because of the role of this molecule in melanogenesis. As GSH inhibits the synthesis of eumelanin (i.e. the darkest melanin form), individuals of darker morphs are expected to have lower GSH levels than those of lighter morphs. We tested this prediction in nestlings of two polymorphic raptors, the booted eagle Hieraaetus pennatus and the Eleonora's falcon Falco eleonorae, both of which occur in two morphs differing in the extent of eumelanic plumage. As expected, melanic booted eagle nestlings had lower blood GSH levels than light morph eagle nestlings. In the Eleonora's falcon, however, melanic nestlings only had lower GSH levels after controlling for the levels of other antioxidants. We also found that melanic female eagle nestlings had higher levels of antioxidants other than GSH and were in better body condition than light female eagle nestlings. These findings suggest an adaptive response of melanic nestlings to compensate for reduced GSH levels. Nevertheless, these associations were not found in falcons, indicating species-specific particularities in antioxidant machinery. Our results are consistent with previous work revealing the importance of GSH on the expression of melanic characters that show continuous variation, and suggest that this pathway also applies to discrete colour morphs. We suggest that the need to maintain low GSH levels for eumelanogenesis in dark morph individuals may represent a physiological constraint that helps regulate the evolution and maintenance of polymorphisms.Ismael GalvánLaura GangosoJuan M GrandeJuan J NegroAiram RodríguezJordi FiguerolaCarlos Alonso-AlvarezPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 5, Iss 10, p e13369 (2010)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Ismael Galván Laura Gangoso Juan M Grande Juan J Negro Airam Rodríguez Jordi Figuerola Carlos Alonso-Alvarez Antioxidant machinery differs between melanic and light nestlings of two polymorphic raptors.
description	Colour polymorphism results from the expression of multiallelic genes generating phenotypes with very distinctive colourations. Most colour polymorphisms are due to differences in the type or amount of melanins present in each morph, which also differ in several behavioural, morphometric and physiological attributes. Melanin-based colour morphs could also differ in the levels of glutathione (GSH), a key intracellular antioxidant, because of the role of this molecule in melanogenesis. As GSH inhibits the synthesis of eumelanin (i.e. the darkest melanin form), individuals of darker morphs are expected to have lower GSH levels than those of lighter morphs. We tested this prediction in nestlings of two polymorphic raptors, the booted eagle Hieraaetus pennatus and the Eleonora's falcon Falco eleonorae, both of which occur in two morphs differing in the extent of eumelanic plumage. As expected, melanic booted eagle nestlings had lower blood GSH levels than light morph eagle nestlings. In the Eleonora's falcon, however, melanic nestlings only had lower GSH levels after controlling for the levels of other antioxidants. We also found that melanic female eagle nestlings had higher levels of antioxidants other than GSH and were in better body condition than light female eagle nestlings. These findings suggest an adaptive response of melanic nestlings to compensate for reduced GSH levels. Nevertheless, these associations were not found in falcons, indicating species-specific particularities in antioxidant machinery. Our results are consistent with previous work revealing the importance of GSH on the expression of melanic characters that show continuous variation, and suggest that this pathway also applies to discrete colour morphs. We suggest that the need to maintain low GSH levels for eumelanogenesis in dark morph individuals may represent a physiological constraint that helps regulate the evolution and maintenance of polymorphisms.
format	article
author	Ismael Galván Laura Gangoso Juan M Grande Juan J Negro Airam Rodríguez Jordi Figuerola Carlos Alonso-Alvarez
author_facet	Ismael Galván Laura Gangoso Juan M Grande Juan J Negro Airam Rodríguez Jordi Figuerola Carlos Alonso-Alvarez
author_sort	Ismael Galván
title	Antioxidant machinery differs between melanic and light nestlings of two polymorphic raptors.
title_short	Antioxidant machinery differs between melanic and light nestlings of two polymorphic raptors.
title_full	Antioxidant machinery differs between melanic and light nestlings of two polymorphic raptors.
title_fullStr	Antioxidant machinery differs between melanic and light nestlings of two polymorphic raptors.
title_full_unstemmed	Antioxidant machinery differs between melanic and light nestlings of two polymorphic raptors.
title_sort	antioxidant machinery differs between melanic and light nestlings of two polymorphic raptors.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2010
url	https://doaj.org/article/a8824ef57db249e09e4df4e299d119ce
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Antioxidant machinery differs between melanic and light nestlings of two polymorphic raptors.

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