Reducing the nanoparticles generated at the wheel–rail contact by applying tap water lubricant at subway train operational velocities

Abstract The formation characteristics and the reduction of nanoparticles emitted from wheel–rail contacts at subway-train velocities of 73, 90, and 113 km/h under dry and water-lubricated conditions (using tap water) were studied using a twin-disk rig. The resulting number concentration (NC) of ult...

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Autor principal:	HyunWook Lee
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/a90d2babc4c14e2587c17667a6faf6c7
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:a90d2babc4c14e2587c17667a6faf6c72021-12-05T12:12:37ZReducing the nanoparticles generated at the wheel–rail contact by applying tap water lubricant at subway train operational velocities10.1038/s41598-021-02037-02045-2322https://doaj.org/article/a90d2babc4c14e2587c17667a6faf6c72021-12-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-02037-0https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract The formation characteristics and the reduction of nanoparticles emitted from wheel–rail contacts at subway-train velocities of 73, 90, and 113 km/h under dry and water-lubricated conditions (using tap water) were studied using a twin-disk rig. The resulting number concentration (NC) of ultrafine and fine particles increased with train velocity under both conditions. Particle generation varied with slip rate under both conditions in both the particle categories. Furthermore, the formation characteristics at 113 km/h under dry conditions showed a notable deviation from those under water-lubricated conditions in three aspects: (i) The maximum NC of ultrafine particles was higher than that of fine particles, (ii) the predominant peak diameter was in the ultrafine particles category, and (iii) the proportion of ultrafine particles was much higher than those of the fine particles. Applying water decreased the NC of ultrafine and fine particles significantly at all tested velocities (by 54–69% and 87–91%, respectively). Adding water increased the NC of particles ≤ 35 nm in diameter, possibly owing to the increase in water vapor and mineral crystals from tap water. Overall, this study provides a reference for researchers aiming to minimize nanoparticle formation at the wheel–rail contacts by applying a lubricant.HyunWook LeeNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-11 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q HyunWook Lee Reducing the nanoparticles generated at the wheel–rail contact by applying tap water lubricant at subway train operational velocities
description	Abstract The formation characteristics and the reduction of nanoparticles emitted from wheel–rail contacts at subway-train velocities of 73, 90, and 113 km/h under dry and water-lubricated conditions (using tap water) were studied using a twin-disk rig. The resulting number concentration (NC) of ultrafine and fine particles increased with train velocity under both conditions. Particle generation varied with slip rate under both conditions in both the particle categories. Furthermore, the formation characteristics at 113 km/h under dry conditions showed a notable deviation from those under water-lubricated conditions in three aspects: (i) The maximum NC of ultrafine particles was higher than that of fine particles, (ii) the predominant peak diameter was in the ultrafine particles category, and (iii) the proportion of ultrafine particles was much higher than those of the fine particles. Applying water decreased the NC of ultrafine and fine particles significantly at all tested velocities (by 54–69% and 87–91%, respectively). Adding water increased the NC of particles ≤ 35 nm in diameter, possibly owing to the increase in water vapor and mineral crystals from tap water. Overall, this study provides a reference for researchers aiming to minimize nanoparticle formation at the wheel–rail contacts by applying a lubricant.
format	article
author	HyunWook Lee
author_facet	HyunWook Lee
author_sort	HyunWook Lee
title	Reducing the nanoparticles generated at the wheel–rail contact by applying tap water lubricant at subway train operational velocities
title_short	Reducing the nanoparticles generated at the wheel–rail contact by applying tap water lubricant at subway train operational velocities
title_full	Reducing the nanoparticles generated at the wheel–rail contact by applying tap water lubricant at subway train operational velocities
title_fullStr	Reducing the nanoparticles generated at the wheel–rail contact by applying tap water lubricant at subway train operational velocities
title_full_unstemmed	Reducing the nanoparticles generated at the wheel–rail contact by applying tap water lubricant at subway train operational velocities
title_sort	reducing the nanoparticles generated at the wheel–rail contact by applying tap water lubricant at subway train operational velocities
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/a90d2babc4c14e2587c17667a6faf6c7
work_keys_str_mv	AT hyunwooklee reducingthenanoparticlesgeneratedatthewheelrailcontactbyapplyingtapwaterlubricantatsubwaytrainoperationalvelocities
_version_	1718372149668872192

Reducing the nanoparticles generated at the wheel–rail contact by applying tap water lubricant at subway train operational velocities

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