Carvacrol Essential Oil: A Natural Antibiotic against Zoonotic Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus Species Isolated from Diseased Livestock and Humans

Staphylococcus species cause diseases in animals and humans. The prevalence and antimicrobial profiles of Staphylococcus spp. in animals and human samples in the Minya Governorate, Egypt, were determined, and resistance- and virulence-associated genes were obser...

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Autores principales:	Ahmed H. Abed, Esraa F. Hegazy, Sherif A. Omar, Rehab M. Abd El-Baky, Ahmed A. El-Beih, Ahmed Al-Emam, Ahmed M. S. Menshawy, Eman Khalifa
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	<i>Staphylococci</i> <i>S. aureus</i> antimicrobial resistance MRSA VRSA haemolysis Therapeutics. Pharmacology RM1-950
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/a9313ed95ee645c09e2cf2744f9b81d5
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:a9313ed95ee645c09e2cf2744f9b81d52021-11-25T16:22:54ZCarvacrol Essential Oil: A Natural Antibiotic against Zoonotic Multidrug-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus</i> Species Isolated from Diseased Livestock and Humans10.3390/antibiotics101113282079-6382https://doaj.org/article/a9313ed95ee645c09e2cf2744f9b81d52021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/10/11/1328https://doaj.org/toc/2079-6382<i>Staphylococcus</i> species cause diseases in animals and humans. The prevalence and antimicrobial profiles of <i>Staphylococcus</i> spp. in animals and human samples in the Minya Governorate, Egypt, were determined, and resistance- and virulence-associated genes were observed in multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates. Moreover, the antibacterial effect of carvacrol essential oil (EO) on the MDR isolates was studied. A total of 216 samples were aseptically collected from subclinically mastitic cow’s milk (<i>n</i> = 100), sheep abscesses (<i>n</i> = 25) and humans (<i>n</i> = 91). Out of 216 samples, a total of 154 single <i>Staphylococcus</i> species (71.3%) were isolated. The most frequent bacterial isolates were <i>S. aureus</i> (43%), followed by <i>S. schleiferi</i> (25%), <i>S. intermedius</i> (12%), <i>S. xylosus</i> (12%), <i>S. haemolyticus</i> (4.5%), S. <i>epidermidis</i> (2%) and <i>S. aurecularis</i> (1%). Haemolytic activity and biofilm production were detected in 77 and 47% of isolates, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed a high degree of resistance to the most commonly used antimicrobials in human and veterinary practices. The <i>mec</i>A, <i>van</i>A, <i>van</i>C1 and <i>erm</i>C resistance genes were detected in 93, 42, 83 and 13% of isolates, respectively. Moreover, <i>hla</i>, <i>ica</i>A and <i>ica</i>D virulence genes were detected in 50, 75 and 78% of isolates, respectively. Carvacrol effectively inhibited the growth of all tested isolates at concentrations of 0.1, 0.05 and 0.04% while a concentration of 0.03% inhibited 75% of isolates. Interestingly, some phenotypic changes were observed upon treatment with a carvacrol oil concentration of 0.03%. All the treated MDR <i>Staphylococcus</i> isolates changed from multidrug resistant to either susceptible or intermediately susceptible to 2–3 antimicrobials more than parental bacterial isolates. Real-time PCR was applied for the detection of the differential expression of <i>mec</i>A and <i>van</i>C1 genes before and after treatment with carvacrol which revealed a mild reduction in both genes’ expression after treatment. <i>Staphylococcus</i> spp. Containing MDR genes are more likely to spread between humans and animals. From these results, carvacrol EO is a promising natural alternative to conventional antimicrobials for pathogens impacting human health and agriculture due to its potential antimicrobial effect on MDR pathogens; even in sub-lethal doses, carvacrol EO can affect their phenotypic properties and genes’ expression.Ahmed H. AbedEsraa F. HegazySherif A. OmarRehab M. Abd El-BakyAhmed A. El-BeihAhmed Al-EmamAhmed M. S. MenshawyEman KhalifaMDPI AGarticle<i>Staphylococci</i><i>S. aureus</i>antimicrobial resistanceMRSAVRSAhaemolysisTherapeutics. PharmacologyRM1-950ENAntibiotics, Vol 10, Iss 1328, p 1328 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	<i>Staphylococci</i> <i>S. aureus</i> antimicrobial resistance MRSA VRSA haemolysis Therapeutics. Pharmacology RM1-950
spellingShingle	<i>Staphylococci</i> <i>S. aureus</i> antimicrobial resistance MRSA VRSA haemolysis Therapeutics. Pharmacology RM1-950 Ahmed H. Abed Esraa F. Hegazy Sherif A. Omar Rehab M. Abd El-Baky Ahmed A. El-Beih Ahmed Al-Emam Ahmed M. S. Menshawy Eman Khalifa Carvacrol Essential Oil: A Natural Antibiotic against Zoonotic Multidrug-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus</i> Species Isolated from Diseased Livestock and Humans
description	<i>Staphylococcus</i> species cause diseases in animals and humans. The prevalence and antimicrobial profiles of <i>Staphylococcus</i> spp. in animals and human samples in the Minya Governorate, Egypt, were determined, and resistance- and virulence-associated genes were observed in multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates. Moreover, the antibacterial effect of carvacrol essential oil (EO) on the MDR isolates was studied. A total of 216 samples were aseptically collected from subclinically mastitic cow’s milk (<i>n</i> = 100), sheep abscesses (<i>n</i> = 25) and humans (<i>n</i> = 91). Out of 216 samples, a total of 154 single <i>Staphylococcus</i> species (71.3%) were isolated. The most frequent bacterial isolates were <i>S. aureus</i> (43%), followed by <i>S. schleiferi</i> (25%), <i>S. intermedius</i> (12%), <i>S. xylosus</i> (12%), <i>S. haemolyticus</i> (4.5%), S. <i>epidermidis</i> (2%) and <i>S. aurecularis</i> (1%). Haemolytic activity and biofilm production were detected in 77 and 47% of isolates, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed a high degree of resistance to the most commonly used antimicrobials in human and veterinary practices. The <i>mec</i>A, <i>van</i>A, <i>van</i>C1 and <i>erm</i>C resistance genes were detected in 93, 42, 83 and 13% of isolates, respectively. Moreover, <i>hla</i>, <i>ica</i>A and <i>ica</i>D virulence genes were detected in 50, 75 and 78% of isolates, respectively. Carvacrol effectively inhibited the growth of all tested isolates at concentrations of 0.1, 0.05 and 0.04% while a concentration of 0.03% inhibited 75% of isolates. Interestingly, some phenotypic changes were observed upon treatment with a carvacrol oil concentration of 0.03%. All the treated MDR <i>Staphylococcus</i> isolates changed from multidrug resistant to either susceptible or intermediately susceptible to 2–3 antimicrobials more than parental bacterial isolates. Real-time PCR was applied for the detection of the differential expression of <i>mec</i>A and <i>van</i>C1 genes before and after treatment with carvacrol which revealed a mild reduction in both genes’ expression after treatment. <i>Staphylococcus</i> spp. Containing MDR genes are more likely to spread between humans and animals. From these results, carvacrol EO is a promising natural alternative to conventional antimicrobials for pathogens impacting human health and agriculture due to its potential antimicrobial effect on MDR pathogens; even in sub-lethal doses, carvacrol EO can affect their phenotypic properties and genes’ expression.
format	article
author	Ahmed H. Abed Esraa F. Hegazy Sherif A. Omar Rehab M. Abd El-Baky Ahmed A. El-Beih Ahmed Al-Emam Ahmed M. S. Menshawy Eman Khalifa
author_facet	Ahmed H. Abed Esraa F. Hegazy Sherif A. Omar Rehab M. Abd El-Baky Ahmed A. El-Beih Ahmed Al-Emam Ahmed M. S. Menshawy Eman Khalifa
author_sort	Ahmed H. Abed
title	Carvacrol Essential Oil: A Natural Antibiotic against Zoonotic Multidrug-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus</i> Species Isolated from Diseased Livestock and Humans
title_short	Carvacrol Essential Oil: A Natural Antibiotic against Zoonotic Multidrug-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus</i> Species Isolated from Diseased Livestock and Humans
title_full	Carvacrol Essential Oil: A Natural Antibiotic against Zoonotic Multidrug-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus</i> Species Isolated from Diseased Livestock and Humans
title_fullStr	Carvacrol Essential Oil: A Natural Antibiotic against Zoonotic Multidrug-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus</i> Species Isolated from Diseased Livestock and Humans
title_full_unstemmed	Carvacrol Essential Oil: A Natural Antibiotic against Zoonotic Multidrug-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus</i> Species Isolated from Diseased Livestock and Humans
title_sort	carvacrol essential oil: a natural antibiotic against zoonotic multidrug-resistant <i>staphylococcus</i> species isolated from diseased livestock and humans
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/a9313ed95ee645c09e2cf2744f9b81d5
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Carvacrol Essential Oil: A Natural Antibiotic against Zoonotic Multidrug-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus</i> Species Isolated from Diseased Livestock and Humans

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