Identification of Oocyst-Driven <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> Infections in Humans and Animals through Stage-Specific Serology—Current Status and Future Perspectives

The apicomplexan zoonotic parasite <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> has three infective stages: sporozoites in sporulated oocysts, which are shed in unsporulated form into the environment by infected felids; tissue cysts containing bradyzoites, and fast replicating tachyzoites that are responsib...

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Autores principales:	Gema Álvarez García, Rebecca Davidson, Pikka Jokelainen, Siv Klevar, Furio Spano, Frank Seeber
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	antigen prediction oocyst-specific antigens stage-specific serology toxoplasmosis source attribution surfaceome Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/a998ea42b11043c5b42cd7a1e92fe679
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:a998ea42b11043c5b42cd7a1e92fe6792021-11-25T18:25:19ZIdentification of Oocyst-Driven <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> Infections in Humans and Animals through Stage-Specific Serology—Current Status and Future Perspectives10.3390/microorganisms91123462076-2607https://doaj.org/article/a998ea42b11043c5b42cd7a1e92fe6792021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/11/2346https://doaj.org/toc/2076-2607The apicomplexan zoonotic parasite <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> has three infective stages: sporozoites in sporulated oocysts, which are shed in unsporulated form into the environment by infected felids; tissue cysts containing bradyzoites, and fast replicating tachyzoites that are responsible for acute toxoplasmosis. The contribution of oocysts to infections in both humans and animals is understudied despite being highly relevant. Only a few diagnostic antigens have been described to be capable of discriminating which parasite stage has caused an infection. Here we provide an extensive overview of the antigens and serological assays used to detect oocyst-driven infections in humans and animals according to the literature. In addition, we critically discuss the possibility to exploit the increasing knowledge of the <i>T. gondii</i> genome and the various ‘omics datasets available, by applying predictive algorithms, for the identification of new oocyst-specific proteins for diagnostic purposes. Finally, we propose a workflow for how such antigens and assays based on them should be evaluated to ensure reproducible and robust results.Gema Álvarez GarcíaRebecca DavidsonPikka JokelainenSiv KlevarFurio SpanoFrank SeeberMDPI AGarticleantigen predictionoocyst-specific antigensstage-specific serologytoxoplasmosissource attributionsurfaceomeBiology (General)QH301-705.5ENMicroorganisms, Vol 9, Iss 2346, p 2346 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	antigen prediction oocyst-specific antigens stage-specific serology toxoplasmosis source attribution surfaceome Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	antigen prediction oocyst-specific antigens stage-specific serology toxoplasmosis source attribution surfaceome Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Gema Álvarez García Rebecca Davidson Pikka Jokelainen Siv Klevar Furio Spano Frank Seeber Identification of Oocyst-Driven <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> Infections in Humans and Animals through Stage-Specific Serology—Current Status and Future Perspectives
description	The apicomplexan zoonotic parasite <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> has three infective stages: sporozoites in sporulated oocysts, which are shed in unsporulated form into the environment by infected felids; tissue cysts containing bradyzoites, and fast replicating tachyzoites that are responsible for acute toxoplasmosis. The contribution of oocysts to infections in both humans and animals is understudied despite being highly relevant. Only a few diagnostic antigens have been described to be capable of discriminating which parasite stage has caused an infection. Here we provide an extensive overview of the antigens and serological assays used to detect oocyst-driven infections in humans and animals according to the literature. In addition, we critically discuss the possibility to exploit the increasing knowledge of the <i>T. gondii</i> genome and the various ‘omics datasets available, by applying predictive algorithms, for the identification of new oocyst-specific proteins for diagnostic purposes. Finally, we propose a workflow for how such antigens and assays based on them should be evaluated to ensure reproducible and robust results.
format	article
author	Gema Álvarez García Rebecca Davidson Pikka Jokelainen Siv Klevar Furio Spano Frank Seeber
author_facet	Gema Álvarez García Rebecca Davidson Pikka Jokelainen Siv Klevar Furio Spano Frank Seeber
author_sort	Gema Álvarez García
title	Identification of Oocyst-Driven <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> Infections in Humans and Animals through Stage-Specific Serology—Current Status and Future Perspectives
title_short	Identification of Oocyst-Driven <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> Infections in Humans and Animals through Stage-Specific Serology—Current Status and Future Perspectives
title_full	Identification of Oocyst-Driven <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> Infections in Humans and Animals through Stage-Specific Serology—Current Status and Future Perspectives
title_fullStr	Identification of Oocyst-Driven <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> Infections in Humans and Animals through Stage-Specific Serology—Current Status and Future Perspectives
title_full_unstemmed	Identification of Oocyst-Driven <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> Infections in Humans and Animals through Stage-Specific Serology—Current Status and Future Perspectives
title_sort	identification of oocyst-driven <i>toxoplasma gondii</i> infections in humans and animals through stage-specific serology—current status and future perspectives
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/a998ea42b11043c5b42cd7a1e92fe679
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Identification of Oocyst-Driven <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> Infections in Humans and Animals through Stage-Specific Serology—Current Status and Future Perspectives

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