Integration of Choline Chloride-Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents and Macroporous Resin for Green Production of Enriched Oil Palm Flavonoids as Natural Wound Healing Agents

Huge quantities of oil palm (<i>Elaeis guineensis</i> Jacq.) leaves (OPL) are generated as agricultural biomass from oil palm plantations. OPL are known to contain significant amounts of flavonoids. For maximal exploitation of these valuable antioxidant compounds, an innovative and susta...

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Autores principales:	Mohamad Shazeli Che Zain, Jen Xen Yeoh, Soo Yee Lee, Adlin Afzan, Khozirah Shaari
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	<i>Elaeis guineensis</i> leaves bioflavonoids NaDES optimization wound repair Therapeutics. Pharmacology RM1-950
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/a9b5605fc7ab403db05d4e80094366d1
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:a9b5605fc7ab403db05d4e80094366d12021-11-25T16:28:50ZIntegration of Choline Chloride-Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents and Macroporous Resin for Green Production of Enriched Oil Palm Flavonoids as Natural Wound Healing Agents10.3390/antiox101118022076-3921https://doaj.org/article/a9b5605fc7ab403db05d4e80094366d12021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/10/11/1802https://doaj.org/toc/2076-3921Huge quantities of oil palm (<i>Elaeis guineensis</i> Jacq.) leaves (OPL) are generated as agricultural biomass from oil palm plantations. OPL are known to contain significant amounts of flavonoids. For maximal exploitation of these valuable antioxidant compounds, an innovative and sustainable extraction method employing natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES) combined with ultrasonic assisted extraction was developed. Various NaDES composed of choline chloride as the hydrogen bond donor (HBD) and 1,2 propanediol (PD), 1,4 butanediol (BD), glycerol (GLY), glucose (GLU), maltose (MAL), and lactic acid (LA) as the hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) were synthesized. The influence of these compositions, the methods of their synthesis, molar ratios, and water contents on their capacity to extract flavonoids from OPL was evaluated. Based on the results, it was found that methods which incorporate a heating step produced NaDES with the best capacity to extract OPL flavonoids. These thermal methods combined with molar ratios of 1:3 or 1:4 and water contents of 17 to 50% were found to be the optimal conditions for preparing NaDES, specifically when applied to the PD, BD, and GLY NaDES. Subsequently, UHPLC-UV/PDA-MS/MS analysis revealed NaDES extracts recovered by macroporous adsorption resin XAD7HP were able to optimally extract at least twelve luteolin and apigenin derivatives in OPL NaDES extracts prepared from glycerol and 1,4-butanediol demonstrated better and comparable efficiency as aqueous methanol in extracting flavonoids from OPL. The in vitro studies of antioxidant and wound healing properties supported these findings by exhibiting good free radical scavenging, cell proliferation, and migration activities. Additionally, the NaDES extracts also showed non-cytotoxicity effects at 1000 µg/mL and below on 3T3 fibroblast cells. Results of the study showed that NaDES could be a promising eco-friendly green solvent to extract bioactive OPL flavonoids that have great potential for applications as wound healing agents.Mohamad Shazeli Che ZainJen Xen YeohSoo Yee LeeAdlin AfzanKhozirah ShaariMDPI AGarticle<i>Elaeis guineensis</i> leavesbioflavonoidsNaDESoptimizationwound repairTherapeutics. PharmacologyRM1-950ENAntioxidants, Vol 10, Iss 1802, p 1802 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	<i>Elaeis guineensis</i> leaves bioflavonoids NaDES optimization wound repair Therapeutics. Pharmacology RM1-950
spellingShingle	<i>Elaeis guineensis</i> leaves bioflavonoids NaDES optimization wound repair Therapeutics. Pharmacology RM1-950 Mohamad Shazeli Che Zain Jen Xen Yeoh Soo Yee Lee Adlin Afzan Khozirah Shaari Integration of Choline Chloride-Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents and Macroporous Resin for Green Production of Enriched Oil Palm Flavonoids as Natural Wound Healing Agents
description	Huge quantities of oil palm (<i>Elaeis guineensis</i> Jacq.) leaves (OPL) are generated as agricultural biomass from oil palm plantations. OPL are known to contain significant amounts of flavonoids. For maximal exploitation of these valuable antioxidant compounds, an innovative and sustainable extraction method employing natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES) combined with ultrasonic assisted extraction was developed. Various NaDES composed of choline chloride as the hydrogen bond donor (HBD) and 1,2 propanediol (PD), 1,4 butanediol (BD), glycerol (GLY), glucose (GLU), maltose (MAL), and lactic acid (LA) as the hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) were synthesized. The influence of these compositions, the methods of their synthesis, molar ratios, and water contents on their capacity to extract flavonoids from OPL was evaluated. Based on the results, it was found that methods which incorporate a heating step produced NaDES with the best capacity to extract OPL flavonoids. These thermal methods combined with molar ratios of 1:3 or 1:4 and water contents of 17 to 50% were found to be the optimal conditions for preparing NaDES, specifically when applied to the PD, BD, and GLY NaDES. Subsequently, UHPLC-UV/PDA-MS/MS analysis revealed NaDES extracts recovered by macroporous adsorption resin XAD7HP were able to optimally extract at least twelve luteolin and apigenin derivatives in OPL NaDES extracts prepared from glycerol and 1,4-butanediol demonstrated better and comparable efficiency as aqueous methanol in extracting flavonoids from OPL. The in vitro studies of antioxidant and wound healing properties supported these findings by exhibiting good free radical scavenging, cell proliferation, and migration activities. Additionally, the NaDES extracts also showed non-cytotoxicity effects at 1000 µg/mL and below on 3T3 fibroblast cells. Results of the study showed that NaDES could be a promising eco-friendly green solvent to extract bioactive OPL flavonoids that have great potential for applications as wound healing agents.
format	article
author	Mohamad Shazeli Che Zain Jen Xen Yeoh Soo Yee Lee Adlin Afzan Khozirah Shaari
author_facet	Mohamad Shazeli Che Zain Jen Xen Yeoh Soo Yee Lee Adlin Afzan Khozirah Shaari
author_sort	Mohamad Shazeli Che Zain
title	Integration of Choline Chloride-Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents and Macroporous Resin for Green Production of Enriched Oil Palm Flavonoids as Natural Wound Healing Agents
title_short	Integration of Choline Chloride-Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents and Macroporous Resin for Green Production of Enriched Oil Palm Flavonoids as Natural Wound Healing Agents
title_full	Integration of Choline Chloride-Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents and Macroporous Resin for Green Production of Enriched Oil Palm Flavonoids as Natural Wound Healing Agents
title_fullStr	Integration of Choline Chloride-Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents and Macroporous Resin for Green Production of Enriched Oil Palm Flavonoids as Natural Wound Healing Agents
title_full_unstemmed	Integration of Choline Chloride-Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents and Macroporous Resin for Green Production of Enriched Oil Palm Flavonoids as Natural Wound Healing Agents
title_sort	integration of choline chloride-based natural deep eutectic solvents and macroporous resin for green production of enriched oil palm flavonoids as natural wound healing agents
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/a9b5605fc7ab403db05d4e80094366d1
work_keys_str_mv	AT mohamadshazelichezain integrationofcholinechloridebasednaturaldeepeutecticsolventsandmacroporousresinforgreenproductionofenrichedoilpalmflavonoidsasnaturalwoundhealingagents AT jenxenyeoh integrationofcholinechloridebasednaturaldeepeutecticsolventsandmacroporousresinforgreenproductionofenrichedoilpalmflavonoidsasnaturalwoundhealingagents AT sooyeelee integrationofcholinechloridebasednaturaldeepeutecticsolventsandmacroporousresinforgreenproductionofenrichedoilpalmflavonoidsasnaturalwoundhealingagents AT adlinafzan integrationofcholinechloridebasednaturaldeepeutecticsolventsandmacroporousresinforgreenproductionofenrichedoilpalmflavonoidsasnaturalwoundhealingagents AT khozirahshaari integrationofcholinechloridebasednaturaldeepeutecticsolventsandmacroporousresinforgreenproductionofenrichedoilpalmflavonoidsasnaturalwoundhealingagents
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Integration of Choline Chloride-Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents and Macroporous Resin for Green Production of Enriched Oil Palm Flavonoids as Natural Wound Healing Agents

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