Prefrontal Lobe and Posterior Cingulate Cortex Activations in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder by Using Standardized Weighted Low-Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography

Background: The differences in brain activity between patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and healthy adults have been confirmed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and electroencephalography (EEG). The prefrontal lobe and posterior cingulat...

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Autores principales:	I-Mei Lin, Hong-En Yu, Yi-Chun Yeh, Mei-Feng Huang, Kuan-Ta Wu, Chiao-Li Khale Ke, Pei-Yun Lin, Cheng-Fang Yen
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	major depressive disorder standardized weighted low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (swLORETA) electroencephalography Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/a9d95ccd8fce4dddbb600ddc819c76ef
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:a9d95ccd8fce4dddbb600ddc819c76ef2021-11-25T18:06:46ZPrefrontal Lobe and Posterior Cingulate Cortex Activations in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder by Using Standardized Weighted Low-Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography10.3390/jpm111110542075-4426https://doaj.org/article/a9d95ccd8fce4dddbb600ddc819c76ef2021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2075-4426/11/11/1054https://doaj.org/toc/2075-4426Background: The differences in brain activity between patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and healthy adults have been confirmed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and electroencephalography (EEG). The prefrontal lobe and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) are related to emotional regulation in patients with MDD. However, the high cost and poor time resolution of fMRI and PET limit their clinical application. Recently, researchers have used high time resolution of standardized weighted low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (swLORETA) to investigate deep brain activity. This study aimed to convert raw EEG signals into swLORETA images and explore deep brain activity in patients with MDD and healthy adults. Methods: BrainMaster EEG equipment with a 19-channel EEG cap was used to collect resting EEG data with eyes closed for 5 min. NeuroGuide software was used to remove the EEG artifacts, and the swLORETA software was used to analyze 12,700 voxels of current source density (CSD) for 139 patients with MDD and co-morbid anxiety symptoms (mean age = 43.08, SD = 13.76; 28.78% were male) and 134 healthy adults (mean age = 40.60, SD = 13.52; 34.33% were male). Deep brain activity in the frontal lobe and PCC at different frequency bands was analyzed, including delta (1–4 Hz), theta (5–7 Hz), alpha (8–11 Hz), beta (12–24 Hz), beta1 (12–14 Hz), beta2 (15–17 Hz), beta3 (18–24 Hz), and high beta (25–29 Hz). Results: There was lower delta and theta and higher beta, beta1, beta2, beta3, and high-beta activity at the prefrontal lobe (dorsal medial prefrontal cortex [dmPFC], ventral medial prefrontal cortex [vmPFC], and dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex [dlPFC], ventral lateral prefrontal cortex [vlPFC], orbital frontal cortex [OFC]) and PCC in MDD patients compared with healthy adults. There was no significant difference in alpha activity between the two groups. Conclusion: This study indicates brain hyperactivity in the right prefrontal lobe (dlPFC and vmPFC) and PCC in patients with MDD with co-morbid anxiety symptoms, and the dlPFC and PCC were also related to emotion regulation in MDD. Inhibiting high-beta activity or restoring delta and theta activity to the normal range in the right frontal lobe and PCC may be possible in z-score neurofeedback protocols for patients with MDD in future studies.I-Mei LinHong-En YuYi-Chun YehMei-Feng HuangKuan-Ta WuChiao-Li Khale KePei-Yun LinCheng-Fang YenMDPI AGarticlemajor depressive disorderstandardized weighted low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (swLORETA)electroencephalographyMedicineRENJournal of Personalized Medicine, Vol 11, Iss 1054, p 1054 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	major depressive disorder standardized weighted low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (swLORETA) electroencephalography Medicine R
spellingShingle	major depressive disorder standardized weighted low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (swLORETA) electroencephalography Medicine R I-Mei Lin Hong-En Yu Yi-Chun Yeh Mei-Feng Huang Kuan-Ta Wu Chiao-Li Khale Ke Pei-Yun Lin Cheng-Fang Yen Prefrontal Lobe and Posterior Cingulate Cortex Activations in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder by Using Standardized Weighted Low-Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography
description	Background: The differences in brain activity between patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and healthy adults have been confirmed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and electroencephalography (EEG). The prefrontal lobe and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) are related to emotional regulation in patients with MDD. However, the high cost and poor time resolution of fMRI and PET limit their clinical application. Recently, researchers have used high time resolution of standardized weighted low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (swLORETA) to investigate deep brain activity. This study aimed to convert raw EEG signals into swLORETA images and explore deep brain activity in patients with MDD and healthy adults. Methods: BrainMaster EEG equipment with a 19-channel EEG cap was used to collect resting EEG data with eyes closed for 5 min. NeuroGuide software was used to remove the EEG artifacts, and the swLORETA software was used to analyze 12,700 voxels of current source density (CSD) for 139 patients with MDD and co-morbid anxiety symptoms (mean age = 43.08, SD = 13.76; 28.78% were male) and 134 healthy adults (mean age = 40.60, SD = 13.52; 34.33% were male). Deep brain activity in the frontal lobe and PCC at different frequency bands was analyzed, including delta (1–4 Hz), theta (5–7 Hz), alpha (8–11 Hz), beta (12–24 Hz), beta1 (12–14 Hz), beta2 (15–17 Hz), beta3 (18–24 Hz), and high beta (25–29 Hz). Results: There was lower delta and theta and higher beta, beta1, beta2, beta3, and high-beta activity at the prefrontal lobe (dorsal medial prefrontal cortex [dmPFC], ventral medial prefrontal cortex [vmPFC], and dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex [dlPFC], ventral lateral prefrontal cortex [vlPFC], orbital frontal cortex [OFC]) and PCC in MDD patients compared with healthy adults. There was no significant difference in alpha activity between the two groups. Conclusion: This study indicates brain hyperactivity in the right prefrontal lobe (dlPFC and vmPFC) and PCC in patients with MDD with co-morbid anxiety symptoms, and the dlPFC and PCC were also related to emotion regulation in MDD. Inhibiting high-beta activity or restoring delta and theta activity to the normal range in the right frontal lobe and PCC may be possible in z-score neurofeedback protocols for patients with MDD in future studies.
format	article
author	I-Mei Lin Hong-En Yu Yi-Chun Yeh Mei-Feng Huang Kuan-Ta Wu Chiao-Li Khale Ke Pei-Yun Lin Cheng-Fang Yen
author_facet	I-Mei Lin Hong-En Yu Yi-Chun Yeh Mei-Feng Huang Kuan-Ta Wu Chiao-Li Khale Ke Pei-Yun Lin Cheng-Fang Yen
author_sort	I-Mei Lin
title	Prefrontal Lobe and Posterior Cingulate Cortex Activations in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder by Using Standardized Weighted Low-Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography
title_short	Prefrontal Lobe and Posterior Cingulate Cortex Activations in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder by Using Standardized Weighted Low-Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography
title_full	Prefrontal Lobe and Posterior Cingulate Cortex Activations in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder by Using Standardized Weighted Low-Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography
title_fullStr	Prefrontal Lobe and Posterior Cingulate Cortex Activations in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder by Using Standardized Weighted Low-Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography
title_full_unstemmed	Prefrontal Lobe and Posterior Cingulate Cortex Activations in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder by Using Standardized Weighted Low-Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography
title_sort	prefrontal lobe and posterior cingulate cortex activations in patients with major depressive disorder by using standardized weighted low-resolution electromagnetic tomography
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/a9d95ccd8fce4dddbb600ddc819c76ef
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Prefrontal Lobe and Posterior Cingulate Cortex Activations in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder by Using Standardized Weighted Low-Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography

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