Behavioral cues to expand a pain model of the cognitively impaired elderly in long-term care

Allison H Burfield,1 Thomas TH Wan,2 Mary Lou Sole,3 James W Cooper41School of Nursing, College of Health and Human Services, University of North Carolina-Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, 2Administration, and Medical Education, Doctoral Program in Public Affairs, College of Health and Public Affairs, 3Coll...

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Autores principales:	Burfield AH, Wan TTH, Sole ML, Cooper JW
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2012
Materias:	Cognitive Impairment Minimum Data Set Pain Behaviors Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) Theoretical Model Geriatrics RC952-954.6
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/a9fab72dc6e04fb9a39bb25653d82b85
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:a9fab72dc6e04fb9a39bb25653d82b852021-12-02T06:11:02ZBehavioral cues to expand a pain model of the cognitively impaired elderly in long-term care1178-1998https://doaj.org/article/a9fab72dc6e04fb9a39bb25653d82b852012-07-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.dovepress.com/behavioral-cues-to-expand-a-pain-model-of-the-cognitively-impaired-eld-peer-reviewed-article-CIAhttps://doaj.org/toc/1178-1998Allison H Burfield,1 Thomas TH Wan,2 Mary Lou Sole,3 James W Cooper41School of Nursing, College of Health and Human Services, University of North Carolina-Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, 2Administration, and Medical Education, Doctoral Program in Public Affairs, College of Health and Public Affairs, 3College of Nursing, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 4College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USABackground: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between hypothesized pain behaviors in the elderly and a measurement model of pain derived from the Minimum Data Set-Resident Assessment Instrument (MDS-RAI) 2.0 items.Methods: This work included a longitudinal cohort recruited from Medicare-certified long-term care facilities across the United States. MDS data were collected from 52,996 residents (mean age 83.7 years). Structural equation modeling was used to build a measurement model of pain to test correlations between indicators and the fit of the model by cognitive status. The model evaluates the theoretical constructs of pain to improve how pain is assessed and detected within cognitive levels.Results: Using pain frequency and intensity as the only indicators of pain, the overall prevalence of pain was 31.2%; however, analysis by cognitive status showed that 47.7% of the intact group was in pain, while only 18.2% of the severely, 29.4% of the moderately, and 39.6% of the mildly cognitively impaired groups were experiencing pain. This finding supports previous research indicating that pain is potentially under-reported in severely cognitively impaired elderly nursing home residents. With adjustments to the measurement model, a revised format containing affective, behavioral, and inferred pain indicates a better fit of the data to include these domains, as a more complete measure of the pain construct.Conclusion: Pain has a significant effect on quality of life and long-term health outcomes in nursing home residents. Patients most at risk are those with mild to severe cognitive decline, or those unable to report pain verbally. Nursing homes are under great scrutiny to maintain standards of care and provide uniform high-quality care outcomes. Existing data from federally required resident surveys can serve as a valuable tool to identify indicators of pain and trends in care. Great responsibility lies in ensuring pain is included and monitored as a quality measure in long-term care, especially for residents unable to communicate their pain verbally.Keywords: cognitive impairment, minimum data set, pain behaviors, structural equation modeling, theoretical modelBurfield AHWan TTHSole MLCooper JWDove Medical PressarticleCognitive ImpairmentMinimum Data SetPain BehaviorsStructural Equation Modeling (SEM)Theoretical ModelGeriatricsRC952-954.6ENClinical Interventions in Aging, Vol Volume 7, Pp 207-223 (2012)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Cognitive Impairment Minimum Data Set Pain Behaviors Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) Theoretical Model Geriatrics RC952-954.6
spellingShingle	Cognitive Impairment Minimum Data Set Pain Behaviors Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) Theoretical Model Geriatrics RC952-954.6 Burfield AH Wan TTH Sole ML Cooper JW Behavioral cues to expand a pain model of the cognitively impaired elderly in long-term care
description	Allison H Burfield,1 Thomas TH Wan,2 Mary Lou Sole,3 James W Cooper41School of Nursing, College of Health and Human Services, University of North Carolina-Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, 2Administration, and Medical Education, Doctoral Program in Public Affairs, College of Health and Public Affairs, 3College of Nursing, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 4College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USABackground: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between hypothesized pain behaviors in the elderly and a measurement model of pain derived from the Minimum Data Set-Resident Assessment Instrument (MDS-RAI) 2.0 items.Methods: This work included a longitudinal cohort recruited from Medicare-certified long-term care facilities across the United States. MDS data were collected from 52,996 residents (mean age 83.7 years). Structural equation modeling was used to build a measurement model of pain to test correlations between indicators and the fit of the model by cognitive status. The model evaluates the theoretical constructs of pain to improve how pain is assessed and detected within cognitive levels.Results: Using pain frequency and intensity as the only indicators of pain, the overall prevalence of pain was 31.2%; however, analysis by cognitive status showed that 47.7% of the intact group was in pain, while only 18.2% of the severely, 29.4% of the moderately, and 39.6% of the mildly cognitively impaired groups were experiencing pain. This finding supports previous research indicating that pain is potentially under-reported in severely cognitively impaired elderly nursing home residents. With adjustments to the measurement model, a revised format containing affective, behavioral, and inferred pain indicates a better fit of the data to include these domains, as a more complete measure of the pain construct.Conclusion: Pain has a significant effect on quality of life and long-term health outcomes in nursing home residents. Patients most at risk are those with mild to severe cognitive decline, or those unable to report pain verbally. Nursing homes are under great scrutiny to maintain standards of care and provide uniform high-quality care outcomes. Existing data from federally required resident surveys can serve as a valuable tool to identify indicators of pain and trends in care. Great responsibility lies in ensuring pain is included and monitored as a quality measure in long-term care, especially for residents unable to communicate their pain verbally.Keywords: cognitive impairment, minimum data set, pain behaviors, structural equation modeling, theoretical model
format	article
author	Burfield AH Wan TTH Sole ML Cooper JW
author_facet	Burfield AH Wan TTH Sole ML Cooper JW
author_sort	Burfield AH
title	Behavioral cues to expand a pain model of the cognitively impaired elderly in long-term care
title_short	Behavioral cues to expand a pain model of the cognitively impaired elderly in long-term care
title_full	Behavioral cues to expand a pain model of the cognitively impaired elderly in long-term care
title_fullStr	Behavioral cues to expand a pain model of the cognitively impaired elderly in long-term care
title_full_unstemmed	Behavioral cues to expand a pain model of the cognitively impaired elderly in long-term care
title_sort	behavioral cues to expand a pain model of the cognitively impaired elderly in long-term care
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2012
url	https://doaj.org/article/a9fab72dc6e04fb9a39bb25653d82b85
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Behavioral cues to expand a pain model of the cognitively impaired elderly in long-term care

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