Novice Female Exercisers Exhibited Different Biomechanical Loading Profiles during Full-Squat and Half-Squat Practice

Background: Females with different practice experience may show different body postures and movement patterns while squatting in different depths, which may lead to changes of biomechanical loadings and increase the risks of injuries. Methods: Sixteen novice female participants without squat trainin...

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Autores principales:	Xin Li, Ntwali Adrien, Julien S. Baker, Qichang Mei, Yaodong Gu
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	squat half-squat female exerciser OpenSim biomechanics SPM1D Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/aa14626a47c845d7bcd67dc34ac9a3c3
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:aa14626a47c845d7bcd67dc34ac9a3c32021-11-25T16:47:47ZNovice Female Exercisers Exhibited Different Biomechanical Loading Profiles during Full-Squat and Half-Squat Practice10.3390/biology101111842079-7737https://doaj.org/article/aa14626a47c845d7bcd67dc34ac9a3c32021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/10/11/1184https://doaj.org/toc/2079-7737Background: Females with different practice experience may show different body postures and movement patterns while squatting in different depths, which may lead to changes of biomechanical loadings and increase the risks of injuries. Methods: Sixteen novice female participants without squat training experience participated in this study. A 3D motion capture system was used to collect the marker trajectory and ground reaction force data during bodyweight squatting in different depths. The participants’ kinematic data and joint moment were calculated using OpenSim’s inverse kinematics and inverse dynamics algorithm. In this study, authors adapted a model especially developed for squatting and customized the knee joint with extra Degree-of-Freedom (DoF) in the coronal and horizontal plane with adduction/abduction and internal/external rotation. A paired-sample t-test was used to analyze the difference of joint range of motions (ROM) and peak moments between full-squat (F-SQ) and half-squat (H-SQ). One-Dimensional Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM1D) is used to analyze the difference of joint angle and moment between the process of squatting F-SQ and H-SQ. Results: (1) Compared with H-SQ, F-SQ showed larger ROM in sagittal, coronal, and transverse planes (<i>p</i> < 0.05). (2) SPM1D found that the difference in joint angles and joint moments between F-SQ and H-SQ was mainly concentrated in the mid-stance during squatting, which suggested the difference is greatly pronounced during deeper squat. (3) Peak hip extension moment, knee extension moment, hip adduction moment, and plantar flexion moment of F-SQ were significantly higher than H-SQ (<i>p</i> < 0.05). (4) Difference of hip and knee extension moments and rotation moments between the F-SQ and H-SQ were exhibited during descending and ascending. Conclusions: The study found that novice women had larger range of joint motion during the F-SQ than H-SQ group, and knee valgus was observed during squatting to the deepest point. Greater joint moment was found during F-SQ and reached a peak during ascending after squatting to the deepest point. Novice women may have better movement control during H-SQ. The findings may provide implications for the selection of lower limb strength training programs, assist the scientific development of training movements, and provide reference for squat movement correction, thus reducing the risk of injury for novice women in squatting practice.Xin LiNtwali AdrienJulien S. BakerQichang MeiYaodong GuMDPI AGarticlesquathalf-squatfemale exerciserOpenSimbiomechanicsSPM1DBiology (General)QH301-705.5ENBiology, Vol 10, Iss 1184, p 1184 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	squat half-squat female exerciser OpenSim biomechanics SPM1D Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	squat half-squat female exerciser OpenSim biomechanics SPM1D Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Xin Li Ntwali Adrien Julien S. Baker Qichang Mei Yaodong Gu Novice Female Exercisers Exhibited Different Biomechanical Loading Profiles during Full-Squat and Half-Squat Practice
description	Background: Females with different practice experience may show different body postures and movement patterns while squatting in different depths, which may lead to changes of biomechanical loadings and increase the risks of injuries. Methods: Sixteen novice female participants without squat training experience participated in this study. A 3D motion capture system was used to collect the marker trajectory and ground reaction force data during bodyweight squatting in different depths. The participants’ kinematic data and joint moment were calculated using OpenSim’s inverse kinematics and inverse dynamics algorithm. In this study, authors adapted a model especially developed for squatting and customized the knee joint with extra Degree-of-Freedom (DoF) in the coronal and horizontal plane with adduction/abduction and internal/external rotation. A paired-sample t-test was used to analyze the difference of joint range of motions (ROM) and peak moments between full-squat (F-SQ) and half-squat (H-SQ). One-Dimensional Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM1D) is used to analyze the difference of joint angle and moment between the process of squatting F-SQ and H-SQ. Results: (1) Compared with H-SQ, F-SQ showed larger ROM in sagittal, coronal, and transverse planes (<i>p</i> < 0.05). (2) SPM1D found that the difference in joint angles and joint moments between F-SQ and H-SQ was mainly concentrated in the mid-stance during squatting, which suggested the difference is greatly pronounced during deeper squat. (3) Peak hip extension moment, knee extension moment, hip adduction moment, and plantar flexion moment of F-SQ were significantly higher than H-SQ (<i>p</i> < 0.05). (4) Difference of hip and knee extension moments and rotation moments between the F-SQ and H-SQ were exhibited during descending and ascending. Conclusions: The study found that novice women had larger range of joint motion during the F-SQ than H-SQ group, and knee valgus was observed during squatting to the deepest point. Greater joint moment was found during F-SQ and reached a peak during ascending after squatting to the deepest point. Novice women may have better movement control during H-SQ. The findings may provide implications for the selection of lower limb strength training programs, assist the scientific development of training movements, and provide reference for squat movement correction, thus reducing the risk of injury for novice women in squatting practice.
format	article
author	Xin Li Ntwali Adrien Julien S. Baker Qichang Mei Yaodong Gu
author_facet	Xin Li Ntwali Adrien Julien S. Baker Qichang Mei Yaodong Gu
author_sort	Xin Li
title	Novice Female Exercisers Exhibited Different Biomechanical Loading Profiles during Full-Squat and Half-Squat Practice
title_short	Novice Female Exercisers Exhibited Different Biomechanical Loading Profiles during Full-Squat and Half-Squat Practice
title_full	Novice Female Exercisers Exhibited Different Biomechanical Loading Profiles during Full-Squat and Half-Squat Practice
title_fullStr	Novice Female Exercisers Exhibited Different Biomechanical Loading Profiles during Full-Squat and Half-Squat Practice
title_full_unstemmed	Novice Female Exercisers Exhibited Different Biomechanical Loading Profiles during Full-Squat and Half-Squat Practice
title_sort	novice female exercisers exhibited different biomechanical loading profiles during full-squat and half-squat practice
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/aa14626a47c845d7bcd67dc34ac9a3c3
work_keys_str_mv	AT xinli novicefemaleexercisersexhibiteddifferentbiomechanicalloadingprofilesduringfullsquatandhalfsquatpractice AT ntwaliadrien novicefemaleexercisersexhibiteddifferentbiomechanicalloadingprofilesduringfullsquatandhalfsquatpractice AT juliensbaker novicefemaleexercisersexhibiteddifferentbiomechanicalloadingprofilesduringfullsquatandhalfsquatpractice AT qichangmei novicefemaleexercisersexhibiteddifferentbiomechanicalloadingprofilesduringfullsquatandhalfsquatpractice AT yaodonggu novicefemaleexercisersexhibiteddifferentbiomechanicalloadingprofilesduringfullsquatandhalfsquatpractice
_version_	1718412975880011776

Novice Female Exercisers Exhibited Different Biomechanical Loading Profiles during Full-Squat and Half-Squat Practice

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