A community approach of pathogens and their arthropod vectors (ticks and fleas) in dogs of African Sub-Sahara

Abstract Background Arthropod-borne pathogens and their vectors are present throughout Africa. They have been well-studied in livestock of sub-Saharan Africa, but poorly in companion animals. Given the socio-economic importance of companion animals, the African Small Companion Animal Network (AFSCAN...

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Autores principales:	Dieter Heylen, Michael Day, Bettina Schunack, Josephus Fourie, Michel Labuschange, Sherry Johnson, Samuel Maina Githigia, Foluke Adedayo Akande, Jahashi Saidi Nzalawahe, Dickson Stuart Tayebwa, Ortwin Aschenborn, Mary Marcondes, Maxime Madder
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	BMC 2021
Materias:	Dog Sub-Sahara Africa Ticks Fleas Vector-borne pathogens Ixodes Infectious and parasitic diseases RC109-216
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/ab41bc83825344c38f95d9746d5535d8
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:ab41bc83825344c38f95d9746d5535d82021-11-21T12:26:13ZA community approach of pathogens and their arthropod vectors (ticks and fleas) in dogs of African Sub-Sahara10.1186/s13071-021-05014-81756-3305https://doaj.org/article/ab41bc83825344c38f95d9746d5535d82021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-05014-8https://doaj.org/toc/1756-3305Abstract Background Arthropod-borne pathogens and their vectors are present throughout Africa. They have been well-studied in livestock of sub-Saharan Africa, but poorly in companion animals. Given the socio-economic importance of companion animals, the African Small Companion Animal Network (AFSCAN), as part of the WSAVA Foundation, initiated a standardized multi-country surveillance study. Methods Macro-geographic variation in ectoparasite (ticks and fleas) and pathogen communities in dogs was assessed through molecular screening of approximately 100 infested dogs in each of six countries (Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Tanzania, Uganda and Namibia), both in rural and urban settings. The most important intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors within the subpopulation of infested dogs were evaluated. Results Despite the large macro-geographic variation in the dogs screened, there was no consistent difference between East and West Africa in terms of the diversity and numbers of ticks. The highest and lowest numbers of ticks were found in Nigeria and Namibia, respectively. Most often, there was a higher diversity of ticks in rural habitats than in urban habitats, although the highest diversity was observed in an urban Uganda setting. With the exception of Namibia, more fleas were collected in rural areas. We identified tick species (including Haemaphysalis spinulosa) as well as zoonotic pathogens (Coxiella burnetti, Trypanosoma spp.) that are not classically associated with companion animals. Rhipicephalus sanguineus was the most abundant tick, with a preference for urban areas. Exophilic ticks, such as Haemaphysalis spp., were more often found in rural areas. Several multi-host ticks occurred in urban areas. For R. sanguineus, housing conditions and additional pets were relevant factors in terms of infestation, while for a rural tick species (Haemaphysalis elliptica), free-roaming dogs were more often infested. Tick occurrence was associated to the use of endoparasiticide, but not to the use of ectoparasiticide. The most prevalent tick-borne pathogen was Hepatozoon canis followed by Ehrlichia canis. High levels of co-parasitism were observed in all countries and habitats. Conclusions As dogs share a common environment with people, they have the potential to extend the network of pathogen transmission to humans. Our study will help epidemiologists to provide recommendations for surveillance and prevention of pathogens in dogs and humans. Graphical abstractDieter HeylenMichael DayBettina SchunackJosephus FourieMichel LabuschangeSherry JohnsonSamuel Maina GithigiaFoluke Adedayo AkandeJahashi Saidi NzalawaheDickson Stuart TayebwaOrtwin AschenbornMary MarcondesMaxime MadderBMCarticleDogSub-Sahara AfricaTicksFleasVector-borne pathogensIxodesInfectious and parasitic diseasesRC109-216ENParasites & Vectors, Vol 14, Iss 1, Pp 1-20 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Dog Sub-Sahara Africa Ticks Fleas Vector-borne pathogens Ixodes Infectious and parasitic diseases RC109-216
spellingShingle	Dog Sub-Sahara Africa Ticks Fleas Vector-borne pathogens Ixodes Infectious and parasitic diseases RC109-216 Dieter Heylen Michael Day Bettina Schunack Josephus Fourie Michel Labuschange Sherry Johnson Samuel Maina Githigia Foluke Adedayo Akande Jahashi Saidi Nzalawahe Dickson Stuart Tayebwa Ortwin Aschenborn Mary Marcondes Maxime Madder A community approach of pathogens and their arthropod vectors (ticks and fleas) in dogs of African Sub-Sahara
description	Abstract Background Arthropod-borne pathogens and their vectors are present throughout Africa. They have been well-studied in livestock of sub-Saharan Africa, but poorly in companion animals. Given the socio-economic importance of companion animals, the African Small Companion Animal Network (AFSCAN), as part of the WSAVA Foundation, initiated a standardized multi-country surveillance study. Methods Macro-geographic variation in ectoparasite (ticks and fleas) and pathogen communities in dogs was assessed through molecular screening of approximately 100 infested dogs in each of six countries (Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Tanzania, Uganda and Namibia), both in rural and urban settings. The most important intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors within the subpopulation of infested dogs were evaluated. Results Despite the large macro-geographic variation in the dogs screened, there was no consistent difference between East and West Africa in terms of the diversity and numbers of ticks. The highest and lowest numbers of ticks were found in Nigeria and Namibia, respectively. Most often, there was a higher diversity of ticks in rural habitats than in urban habitats, although the highest diversity was observed in an urban Uganda setting. With the exception of Namibia, more fleas were collected in rural areas. We identified tick species (including Haemaphysalis spinulosa) as well as zoonotic pathogens (Coxiella burnetti, Trypanosoma spp.) that are not classically associated with companion animals. Rhipicephalus sanguineus was the most abundant tick, with a preference for urban areas. Exophilic ticks, such as Haemaphysalis spp., were more often found in rural areas. Several multi-host ticks occurred in urban areas. For R. sanguineus, housing conditions and additional pets were relevant factors in terms of infestation, while for a rural tick species (Haemaphysalis elliptica), free-roaming dogs were more often infested. Tick occurrence was associated to the use of endoparasiticide, but not to the use of ectoparasiticide. The most prevalent tick-borne pathogen was Hepatozoon canis followed by Ehrlichia canis. High levels of co-parasitism were observed in all countries and habitats. Conclusions As dogs share a common environment with people, they have the potential to extend the network of pathogen transmission to humans. Our study will help epidemiologists to provide recommendations for surveillance and prevention of pathogens in dogs and humans. Graphical abstract
format	article
author	Dieter Heylen Michael Day Bettina Schunack Josephus Fourie Michel Labuschange Sherry Johnson Samuel Maina Githigia Foluke Adedayo Akande Jahashi Saidi Nzalawahe Dickson Stuart Tayebwa Ortwin Aschenborn Mary Marcondes Maxime Madder
author_facet	Dieter Heylen Michael Day Bettina Schunack Josephus Fourie Michel Labuschange Sherry Johnson Samuel Maina Githigia Foluke Adedayo Akande Jahashi Saidi Nzalawahe Dickson Stuart Tayebwa Ortwin Aschenborn Mary Marcondes Maxime Madder
author_sort	Dieter Heylen
title	A community approach of pathogens and their arthropod vectors (ticks and fleas) in dogs of African Sub-Sahara
title_short	A community approach of pathogens and their arthropod vectors (ticks and fleas) in dogs of African Sub-Sahara
title_full	A community approach of pathogens and their arthropod vectors (ticks and fleas) in dogs of African Sub-Sahara
title_fullStr	A community approach of pathogens and their arthropod vectors (ticks and fleas) in dogs of African Sub-Sahara
title_full_unstemmed	A community approach of pathogens and their arthropod vectors (ticks and fleas) in dogs of African Sub-Sahara
title_sort	community approach of pathogens and their arthropod vectors (ticks and fleas) in dogs of african sub-sahara
publisher	BMC
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/ab41bc83825344c38f95d9746d5535d8
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A community approach of pathogens and their arthropod vectors (ticks and fleas) in dogs of African Sub-Sahara

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