Decoupling the Monitoring of Solar Water Heaters and their Usage Profiles

South Africa is the most technologically advanced nation in Africa. However, the country is plagued with constant load shedding. The country receives about 2500 sunshine hours annually, with daily average irradiation levels of 4.5–6.5 kWh/m<sup>2</sup>. Despite these potentials, the use...

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Autores principales:	Julian C. Nwodo, Ochuko K. Overen, Edson L. Meyer
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	performance monitoring solar water heater evacuated tube collector flat plate collector solar radiation South Africa Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/ab6251089bc44caeb64d01daa67c4484
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:ab6251089bc44caeb64d01daa67c44842021-11-25T19:15:16ZDecoupling the Monitoring of Solar Water Heaters and their Usage Profiles10.3390/w132231862073-4441https://doaj.org/article/ab6251089bc44caeb64d01daa67c44842021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/22/3186https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4441South Africa is the most technologically advanced nation in Africa. However, the country is plagued with constant load shedding. The country receives about 2500 sunshine hours annually, with daily average irradiation levels of 4.5–6.5 kWh/m<sup>2</sup>. Despite these potentials, the use of electricity for domestic water heating is still prevalent in the country. The mass rollout of solar water heating (SWH) technologies in the low-cost housing sector across the country were met with massive failures. This study aims to assess the energy yield of a passive flat plate and an evacuated tube solar water heating system by evaluating the performance of these systems to address the energy crisis in South Africa. The flat plate (FP) and evacuated tube (ET) solar water heating systems were monitored for four days, characterised by varying sky conditions through instantaneous data measurement at 5 s. The parameters measured were water temperature, ambient temperature, irradiance at the plane of array, relative humidity, wind speed and direction. The results obtained show that a maximum irradiance of 1050 W/m<sup>2</sup> was obtained on a clear day and corresponded to a hot water temperature of about 58 °C and 65 °C for the FP and ET, respectively. However, a cloudy day with a maximum irradiance of 400 W/m<sup>2</sup> produced about 22 °C and 29 °C of hot water for the FP and ET, respectively. The results obtained in this study will guide stakeholders in the renewable energy sector towards employing SWH systems to replace or augment the electric geyser. Solar water heaters (SWH) can be used in the low-cost housing sector to provide hot water. Hence, the assessments in this study offer essential information for the deployment of these systems to reduce demand on the ailing South African electricity utility, Eskom, and mitigate climate change.Julian C. NwodoOchuko K. OverenEdson L. MeyerMDPI AGarticleperformance monitoringsolar water heaterevacuated tube collectorflat plate collectorsolar radiationSouth AfricaHydraulic engineeringTC1-978Water supply for domestic and industrial purposesTD201-500ENWater, Vol 13, Iss 3186, p 3186 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	performance monitoring solar water heater evacuated tube collector flat plate collector solar radiation South Africa Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500
spellingShingle	performance monitoring solar water heater evacuated tube collector flat plate collector solar radiation South Africa Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500 Julian C. Nwodo Ochuko K. Overen Edson L. Meyer Decoupling the Monitoring of Solar Water Heaters and their Usage Profiles
description	South Africa is the most technologically advanced nation in Africa. However, the country is plagued with constant load shedding. The country receives about 2500 sunshine hours annually, with daily average irradiation levels of 4.5–6.5 kWh/m<sup>2</sup>. Despite these potentials, the use of electricity for domestic water heating is still prevalent in the country. The mass rollout of solar water heating (SWH) technologies in the low-cost housing sector across the country were met with massive failures. This study aims to assess the energy yield of a passive flat plate and an evacuated tube solar water heating system by evaluating the performance of these systems to address the energy crisis in South Africa. The flat plate (FP) and evacuated tube (ET) solar water heating systems were monitored for four days, characterised by varying sky conditions through instantaneous data measurement at 5 s. The parameters measured were water temperature, ambient temperature, irradiance at the plane of array, relative humidity, wind speed and direction. The results obtained show that a maximum irradiance of 1050 W/m<sup>2</sup> was obtained on a clear day and corresponded to a hot water temperature of about 58 °C and 65 °C for the FP and ET, respectively. However, a cloudy day with a maximum irradiance of 400 W/m<sup>2</sup> produced about 22 °C and 29 °C of hot water for the FP and ET, respectively. The results obtained in this study will guide stakeholders in the renewable energy sector towards employing SWH systems to replace or augment the electric geyser. Solar water heaters (SWH) can be used in the low-cost housing sector to provide hot water. Hence, the assessments in this study offer essential information for the deployment of these systems to reduce demand on the ailing South African electricity utility, Eskom, and mitigate climate change.
format	article
author	Julian C. Nwodo Ochuko K. Overen Edson L. Meyer
author_facet	Julian C. Nwodo Ochuko K. Overen Edson L. Meyer
author_sort	Julian C. Nwodo
title	Decoupling the Monitoring of Solar Water Heaters and their Usage Profiles
title_short	Decoupling the Monitoring of Solar Water Heaters and their Usage Profiles
title_full	Decoupling the Monitoring of Solar Water Heaters and their Usage Profiles
title_fullStr	Decoupling the Monitoring of Solar Water Heaters and their Usage Profiles
title_full_unstemmed	Decoupling the Monitoring of Solar Water Heaters and their Usage Profiles
title_sort	decoupling the monitoring of solar water heaters and their usage profiles
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/ab6251089bc44caeb64d01daa67c4484
work_keys_str_mv	AT juliancnwodo decouplingthemonitoringofsolarwaterheatersandtheirusageprofiles AT ochukokoveren decouplingthemonitoringofsolarwaterheatersandtheirusageprofiles AT edsonlmeyer decouplingthemonitoringofsolarwaterheatersandtheirusageprofiles
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Decoupling the Monitoring of Solar Water Heaters and their Usage Profiles

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