Coupling Between Protein Level Selection and Codon Usage Optimization in the Evolution of Bacteria and Archaea

ABSTRACT The relationship between the selection affecting codon usage and selection on protein sequences of orthologous genes in diverse groups of bacteria and archaea was examined by using the Alignable Tight Genome Clusters database of prokaryote genomes. The codon usage bias is generally low, wit...

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Autores principales:	Wenqi Ran, David M. Kristensen, Eugene V. Koonin
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2014
Materias:	Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/acf2d8a2070e480886f1b4b7f3cf32d3
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:acf2d8a2070e480886f1b4b7f3cf32d32021-11-15T15:45:13ZCoupling Between Protein Level Selection and Codon Usage Optimization in the Evolution of Bacteria and Archaea10.1128/mBio.00956-142150-7511https://doaj.org/article/acf2d8a2070e480886f1b4b7f3cf32d32014-05-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mBio.00956-14https://doaj.org/toc/2150-7511ABSTRACT The relationship between the selection affecting codon usage and selection on protein sequences of orthologous genes in diverse groups of bacteria and archaea was examined by using the Alignable Tight Genome Clusters database of prokaryote genomes. The codon usage bias is generally low, with 57.5% of the gene-specific optimal codon frequencies (Fopt) being below 0.55. This apparent weak selection on codon usage contrasts with the strong purifying selection on amino acid sequences, with 65.8% of the gene-specific dN/dS ratios being below 0.1. For most of the genomes compared, a limited but statistically significant negative correlation between Fopt and dN/dS was observed, which is indicative of a link between selection on protein sequence and selection on codon usage. The strength of the coupling between the protein level selection and codon usage bias showed a strong positive correlation with the genomic GC content. Combined with previous observations on the selection for GC-rich codons in bacteria and archaea with GC-rich genomes, these findings suggest that selection for translational fine-tuning could be an important factor in microbial evolution that drives the evolution of genome GC content away from mutational equilibrium. This type of selection is particularly pronounced in slowly evolving, “high-status” genes. A significantly stronger link between the two aspects of selection is observed in free-living bacteria than in parasitic bacteria and in genes encoding metabolic enzymes and transporters than in informational genes. These differences might reflect the special importance of translational fine-tuning for the adaptability of gene expression to environmental changes. The results of this work establish the coupling between protein level selection and selection for translational optimization as a distinct and potentially important factor in microbial evolution. IMPORTANCE Selection affects the evolution of microbial genomes at many levels, including both the structure of proteins and the regulation of their production. Here we demonstrate the coupling between the selection on protein sequences and the optimization of codon usage in a broad range of bacteria and archaea. The strength of this coupling varies over a wide range and strongly and positively correlates with the genomic GC content. The cause(s) of the evolution of high GC content is a long-standing open question, given the universal mutational bias toward AT. We propose that optimization of codon usage could be one of the key factors that determine the evolution of GC-rich genomes. This work establishes the coupling between selection at the level of protein sequence and at the level of codon choice optimization as a distinct aspect of genome evolution.Wenqi RanDavid M. KristensenEugene V. KooninAmerican Society for MicrobiologyarticleMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmBio, Vol 5, Iss 2 (2014)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	Microbiology QR1-502 Wenqi Ran David M. Kristensen Eugene V. Koonin Coupling Between Protein Level Selection and Codon Usage Optimization in the Evolution of Bacteria and Archaea
description	ABSTRACT The relationship between the selection affecting codon usage and selection on protein sequences of orthologous genes in diverse groups of bacteria and archaea was examined by using the Alignable Tight Genome Clusters database of prokaryote genomes. The codon usage bias is generally low, with 57.5% of the gene-specific optimal codon frequencies (Fopt) being below 0.55. This apparent weak selection on codon usage contrasts with the strong purifying selection on amino acid sequences, with 65.8% of the gene-specific dN/dS ratios being below 0.1. For most of the genomes compared, a limited but statistically significant negative correlation between Fopt and dN/dS was observed, which is indicative of a link between selection on protein sequence and selection on codon usage. The strength of the coupling between the protein level selection and codon usage bias showed a strong positive correlation with the genomic GC content. Combined with previous observations on the selection for GC-rich codons in bacteria and archaea with GC-rich genomes, these findings suggest that selection for translational fine-tuning could be an important factor in microbial evolution that drives the evolution of genome GC content away from mutational equilibrium. This type of selection is particularly pronounced in slowly evolving, “high-status” genes. A significantly stronger link between the two aspects of selection is observed in free-living bacteria than in parasitic bacteria and in genes encoding metabolic enzymes and transporters than in informational genes. These differences might reflect the special importance of translational fine-tuning for the adaptability of gene expression to environmental changes. The results of this work establish the coupling between protein level selection and selection for translational optimization as a distinct and potentially important factor in microbial evolution. IMPORTANCE Selection affects the evolution of microbial genomes at many levels, including both the structure of proteins and the regulation of their production. Here we demonstrate the coupling between the selection on protein sequences and the optimization of codon usage in a broad range of bacteria and archaea. The strength of this coupling varies over a wide range and strongly and positively correlates with the genomic GC content. The cause(s) of the evolution of high GC content is a long-standing open question, given the universal mutational bias toward AT. We propose that optimization of codon usage could be one of the key factors that determine the evolution of GC-rich genomes. This work establishes the coupling between selection at the level of protein sequence and at the level of codon choice optimization as a distinct aspect of genome evolution.
format	article
author	Wenqi Ran David M. Kristensen Eugene V. Koonin
author_facet	Wenqi Ran David M. Kristensen Eugene V. Koonin
author_sort	Wenqi Ran
title	Coupling Between Protein Level Selection and Codon Usage Optimization in the Evolution of Bacteria and Archaea
title_short	Coupling Between Protein Level Selection and Codon Usage Optimization in the Evolution of Bacteria and Archaea
title_full	Coupling Between Protein Level Selection and Codon Usage Optimization in the Evolution of Bacteria and Archaea
title_fullStr	Coupling Between Protein Level Selection and Codon Usage Optimization in the Evolution of Bacteria and Archaea
title_full_unstemmed	Coupling Between Protein Level Selection and Codon Usage Optimization in the Evolution of Bacteria and Archaea
title_sort	coupling between protein level selection and codon usage optimization in the evolution of bacteria and archaea
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2014
url	https://doaj.org/article/acf2d8a2070e480886f1b4b7f3cf32d3
work_keys_str_mv	AT wenqiran couplingbetweenproteinlevelselectionandcodonusageoptimizationintheevolutionofbacteriaandarchaea AT davidmkristensen couplingbetweenproteinlevelselectionandcodonusageoptimizationintheevolutionofbacteriaandarchaea AT eugenevkoonin couplingbetweenproteinlevelselectionandcodonusageoptimizationintheevolutionofbacteriaandarchaea
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Coupling Between Protein Level Selection and Codon Usage Optimization in the Evolution of Bacteria and Archaea

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