Diet, Diabetes Status, and Personal Experiences of Individuals with Type 2 diabetes Who Self-Selected and Followed a Low Carbohydrate High Fat diet

Christopher C Webster, Tamzyn E Murphy, Kate M Larmuth, Timothy D Noakes, James A Smith Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South AfricaCorrespondence: Christopher C WebsterDivision of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Sp...

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Autores principales:	Webster CC, Murphy TE, Larmuth KM, Noakes TD, Smith JA
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2019
Materias:	carbohydrate restriction diabetes remission ketogenic diet lchf nutritional therapy food addiction Specialties of internal medicine RC581-951
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/ad72ed3e0da14725b5db2a7be911c766
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:ad72ed3e0da14725b5db2a7be911c7662021-12-02T11:03:52ZDiet, Diabetes Status, and Personal Experiences of Individuals with Type 2 diabetes Who Self-Selected and Followed a Low Carbohydrate High Fat diet1178-7007https://doaj.org/article/ad72ed3e0da14725b5db2a7be911c7662019-12-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.dovepress.com/diet-diabetes-status-and-personal-experiences-of-individuals-with-type-peer-reviewed-article-DMSOhttps://doaj.org/toc/1178-7007Christopher C Webster, Tamzyn E Murphy, Kate M Larmuth, Timothy D Noakes, James A Smith Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South AfricaCorrespondence: Christopher C WebsterDivision of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Newlands, Cape Town 7700, South AfricaEmail wbschr002@myuct.ac.zaBackground: Low carbohydrate high fat (LCHF) diets are increasing in popularity amongst patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), however it is unclear what constitutes a sustainable LCHF diet in a real-world setting.Methods: This descriptive multi-method study characterized the diets, T2D status, and personal experiences of individuals with T2D who claimed to have followed an LCHF diet for at least 6 months. Participants completed a medications history, mixed-method dietary assessment, provided a blood sample, and were interviewed in-depth about their experiences with the diet (First-Assessment). Past medical records were obtained corresponding to T2D diagnosis and prior to starting their LCHF diets. Additionally, participants were followed up 15 months later to assess T2D remission (Follow-Up).Results: Twenty-eight participants completed First-Assessment and 24 completed Follow-Up. Habitual carbohydrate intake was 20 to 50 g/d for 10 participants and 50 to 115 g/d for 17 participants. Commonly reported foods were full-fat dairy, non-starchy vegetables, coconut oil, eggs, nuts, olives and avocados, olive oil, and red meat and poultry with fat. Median (interquartile range) for HbA1c was 7.5 (6.5–9.5) % prior to starting their diets, 5.8 (5.4–6.2) % at First-Assessment and 5.9 (5.3–6.6) % at Follow-Up. Reported body weight and glucose-lowering medication requirements were considerably lower at both assessments than when starting the diet. At Follow-Up, 24 participants had been following their LCHF diets for 35 (26–53) months, the majority of which were in full or partial T2D remission. Participants perceived reduced hunger and cravings as one of the most important aspects of their diets. Of concern, many participants felt unsupported by their doctors.Conclusion: This study described the foods and characteristics of an LCHF “lifestyle” that was sustainable and effective for certain T2D patients in a real-world setting.Keywords: carbohydrate restriction, diabetes remission, ketogenic diet, LCHF, nutritional therapy, food addiction  Webster CCMurphy TELarmuth KMNoakes TDSmith JADove Medical Pressarticlecarbohydrate restrictiondiabetes remissionketogenic dietlchfnutritional therapyfood addictionSpecialties of internal medicineRC581-951ENDiabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, Vol Volume 12, Pp 2567-2582 (2019)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	carbohydrate restriction diabetes remission ketogenic diet lchf nutritional therapy food addiction Specialties of internal medicine RC581-951
spellingShingle	carbohydrate restriction diabetes remission ketogenic diet lchf nutritional therapy food addiction Specialties of internal medicine RC581-951 Webster CC Murphy TE Larmuth KM Noakes TD Smith JA Diet, Diabetes Status, and Personal Experiences of Individuals with Type 2 diabetes Who Self-Selected and Followed a Low Carbohydrate High Fat diet
description	Christopher C Webster, Tamzyn E Murphy, Kate M Larmuth, Timothy D Noakes, James A Smith Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South AfricaCorrespondence: Christopher C WebsterDivision of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Newlands, Cape Town 7700, South AfricaEmail wbschr002@myuct.ac.zaBackground: Low carbohydrate high fat (LCHF) diets are increasing in popularity amongst patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), however it is unclear what constitutes a sustainable LCHF diet in a real-world setting.Methods: This descriptive multi-method study characterized the diets, T2D status, and personal experiences of individuals with T2D who claimed to have followed an LCHF diet for at least 6 months. Participants completed a medications history, mixed-method dietary assessment, provided a blood sample, and were interviewed in-depth about their experiences with the diet (First-Assessment). Past medical records were obtained corresponding to T2D diagnosis and prior to starting their LCHF diets. Additionally, participants were followed up 15 months later to assess T2D remission (Follow-Up).Results: Twenty-eight participants completed First-Assessment and 24 completed Follow-Up. Habitual carbohydrate intake was 20 to 50 g/d for 10 participants and 50 to 115 g/d for 17 participants. Commonly reported foods were full-fat dairy, non-starchy vegetables, coconut oil, eggs, nuts, olives and avocados, olive oil, and red meat and poultry with fat. Median (interquartile range) for HbA1c was 7.5 (6.5–9.5) % prior to starting their diets, 5.8 (5.4–6.2) % at First-Assessment and 5.9 (5.3–6.6) % at Follow-Up. Reported body weight and glucose-lowering medication requirements were considerably lower at both assessments than when starting the diet. At Follow-Up, 24 participants had been following their LCHF diets for 35 (26–53) months, the majority of which were in full or partial T2D remission. Participants perceived reduced hunger and cravings as one of the most important aspects of their diets. Of concern, many participants felt unsupported by their doctors.Conclusion: This study described the foods and characteristics of an LCHF “lifestyle” that was sustainable and effective for certain T2D patients in a real-world setting.Keywords: carbohydrate restriction, diabetes remission, ketogenic diet, LCHF, nutritional therapy, food addiction
format	article
author	Webster CC Murphy TE Larmuth KM Noakes TD Smith JA
author_facet	Webster CC Murphy TE Larmuth KM Noakes TD Smith JA
author_sort	Webster CC
title	Diet, Diabetes Status, and Personal Experiences of Individuals with Type 2 diabetes Who Self-Selected and Followed a Low Carbohydrate High Fat diet
title_short	Diet, Diabetes Status, and Personal Experiences of Individuals with Type 2 diabetes Who Self-Selected and Followed a Low Carbohydrate High Fat diet
title_full	Diet, Diabetes Status, and Personal Experiences of Individuals with Type 2 diabetes Who Self-Selected and Followed a Low Carbohydrate High Fat diet
title_fullStr	Diet, Diabetes Status, and Personal Experiences of Individuals with Type 2 diabetes Who Self-Selected and Followed a Low Carbohydrate High Fat diet
title_full_unstemmed	Diet, Diabetes Status, and Personal Experiences of Individuals with Type 2 diabetes Who Self-Selected and Followed a Low Carbohydrate High Fat diet
title_sort	diet, diabetes status, and personal experiences of individuals with type 2 diabetes who self-selected and followed a low carbohydrate high fat diet
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2019
url	https://doaj.org/article/ad72ed3e0da14725b5db2a7be911c766
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Diet, Diabetes Status, and Personal Experiences of Individuals with Type 2 diabetes Who Self-Selected and Followed a Low Carbohydrate High Fat diet

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