Epidemiological study of snakebite cases in Sikkim: Risk modeling with regard to the habitat suitability of common venomous snakes

<h4>Background</h4> Snakebite envenoming is listed as category ‘A’ Neglected Tropical Disease. To achieve the target of WHO (World Health Organization) 2019, it becomes necessary to understand various attributes associated with snakebite including community awareness, improvisation of me...

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Autores principales:	Ananta Rai, Manita Chettri, Sailendra Dewan, Bidita Khandelwal, Basundhara Chettri
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2021
Materias:	Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/ad86ace2b9c54ca6b8a99434c056ce3d
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:ad86ace2b9c54ca6b8a99434c056ce3d2021-11-25T06:33:05ZEpidemiological study of snakebite cases in Sikkim: Risk modeling with regard to the habitat suitability of common venomous snakes1935-27271935-2735https://doaj.org/article/ad86ace2b9c54ca6b8a99434c056ce3d2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8601622/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1935-2727https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2735<h4>Background</h4> Snakebite envenoming is listed as category ‘A’ Neglected Tropical Disease. To achieve the target of WHO (World Health Organization) 2019, it becomes necessary to understand various attributes associated with snakebite including community awareness, improvisation of medical facilities and to map the potential distribution of venomous snakes responsible for the bite. Hence this study is conducted in Sikkim, India to understand the epidemiology of snakebite in Sikkim. The potential distribution and risk mapping of five common venomous snakes are done for effective management of snakebite cases. <h4>Methods and findings</h4> The snakebite cases registered in six district hospitals and four PHCs (Primary Health Centers) of Sikkim were collected from the year 2011 to 2018. Community survey was also conducted to supplement the data. Ecological Niche Modeling (ENM) was performed to predict the potential habitat of five common venomous snakes of Sikkim. The risk modeling of snakebite cases was done at the level of Gram Panchayat Unit (GPU) using Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) and Ordinary Linear Square (OLS) model. We found higher number of male victims inflicted with snakebite envenomation. The potential distribution of the five venomous snakes showed satisfactory mean AUC (Area under Curve) value. Both the models showed significant positive association of snakebite cases with habitat suitability of the venomous snakes. Hospital data revealed no death cases whereas community data reported 24 deaths. <h4>Conclusions</h4> Death from snakebite reflected in community data but not in hospital data strongly indicates the people’s belief in traditional medicine. Though people of Sikkim have rich traditional knowledge, in case of snakebite traditional practices may be ineffective leading to loss of life. Sensitizing people and improving medical facilities along with proper transport facilities in rural areas might significantly reduce the snakebite casualties in the state. Author summary Snakebite is a global burden especially inflicting despair and torment among agronomist rural population of the society. This study has been conducted in small state of Sikkim in India which has not been actually considered so far in any of the national statistical condensation of snakebite cases. There are around 19 venomous snakes found in Sikkim of which five common ones co-exist with humans. Such co-existence may lead to unintentional encounter posing life threatening snakebite. People of Sikkim have strong belief on traditional healers for treatment of snakebite which results in mortality and morbidity. The present epidemiological study provides the baseline information compiling both hospital and community data and predict the areas having higher risk of snakebite envenomation in Sikkim. This study will help the authorities for better preparedness to deal with snakebite emergency to achieve minimum or no mortality. Potential risk mapping will help the health department for stocking anti-venom in nearby health centers. Most importantly, this study will create awareness among the people and the authority about snakebite which is considered as neglected tropical disease.Ananta RaiManita ChettriSailendra DewanBidita KhandelwalBasundhara ChettriPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleArctic medicine. Tropical medicineRC955-962Public aspects of medicineRA1-1270ENPLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol 15, Iss 11 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270
spellingShingle	Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 Ananta Rai Manita Chettri Sailendra Dewan Bidita Khandelwal Basundhara Chettri Epidemiological study of snakebite cases in Sikkim: Risk modeling with regard to the habitat suitability of common venomous snakes
description	<h4>Background</h4> Snakebite envenoming is listed as category ‘A’ Neglected Tropical Disease. To achieve the target of WHO (World Health Organization) 2019, it becomes necessary to understand various attributes associated with snakebite including community awareness, improvisation of medical facilities and to map the potential distribution of venomous snakes responsible for the bite. Hence this study is conducted in Sikkim, India to understand the epidemiology of snakebite in Sikkim. The potential distribution and risk mapping of five common venomous snakes are done for effective management of snakebite cases. <h4>Methods and findings</h4> The snakebite cases registered in six district hospitals and four PHCs (Primary Health Centers) of Sikkim were collected from the year 2011 to 2018. Community survey was also conducted to supplement the data. Ecological Niche Modeling (ENM) was performed to predict the potential habitat of five common venomous snakes of Sikkim. The risk modeling of snakebite cases was done at the level of Gram Panchayat Unit (GPU) using Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) and Ordinary Linear Square (OLS) model. We found higher number of male victims inflicted with snakebite envenomation. The potential distribution of the five venomous snakes showed satisfactory mean AUC (Area under Curve) value. Both the models showed significant positive association of snakebite cases with habitat suitability of the venomous snakes. Hospital data revealed no death cases whereas community data reported 24 deaths. <h4>Conclusions</h4> Death from snakebite reflected in community data but not in hospital data strongly indicates the people’s belief in traditional medicine. Though people of Sikkim have rich traditional knowledge, in case of snakebite traditional practices may be ineffective leading to loss of life. Sensitizing people and improving medical facilities along with proper transport facilities in rural areas might significantly reduce the snakebite casualties in the state. Author summary Snakebite is a global burden especially inflicting despair and torment among agronomist rural population of the society. This study has been conducted in small state of Sikkim in India which has not been actually considered so far in any of the national statistical condensation of snakebite cases. There are around 19 venomous snakes found in Sikkim of which five common ones co-exist with humans. Such co-existence may lead to unintentional encounter posing life threatening snakebite. People of Sikkim have strong belief on traditional healers for treatment of snakebite which results in mortality and morbidity. The present epidemiological study provides the baseline information compiling both hospital and community data and predict the areas having higher risk of snakebite envenomation in Sikkim. This study will help the authorities for better preparedness to deal with snakebite emergency to achieve minimum or no mortality. Potential risk mapping will help the health department for stocking anti-venom in nearby health centers. Most importantly, this study will create awareness among the people and the authority about snakebite which is considered as neglected tropical disease.
format	article
author	Ananta Rai Manita Chettri Sailendra Dewan Bidita Khandelwal Basundhara Chettri
author_facet	Ananta Rai Manita Chettri Sailendra Dewan Bidita Khandelwal Basundhara Chettri
author_sort	Ananta Rai
title	Epidemiological study of snakebite cases in Sikkim: Risk modeling with regard to the habitat suitability of common venomous snakes
title_short	Epidemiological study of snakebite cases in Sikkim: Risk modeling with regard to the habitat suitability of common venomous snakes
title_full	Epidemiological study of snakebite cases in Sikkim: Risk modeling with regard to the habitat suitability of common venomous snakes
title_fullStr	Epidemiological study of snakebite cases in Sikkim: Risk modeling with regard to the habitat suitability of common venomous snakes
title_full_unstemmed	Epidemiological study of snakebite cases in Sikkim: Risk modeling with regard to the habitat suitability of common venomous snakes
title_sort	epidemiological study of snakebite cases in sikkim: risk modeling with regard to the habitat suitability of common venomous snakes
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/ad86ace2b9c54ca6b8a99434c056ce3d
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Epidemiological study of snakebite cases in Sikkim: Risk modeling with regard to the habitat suitability of common venomous snakes

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