Reliability of an Observational Biomechanical Analysis Tool in Adolescent Baseball Pitchers

# Background Improper pitching mechanics are a risk factor for arm injuries. While 3-dimensional (3D) motion analysis remains the gold standard for evaluation, most pitchers and clinicians do not have access to this costly technology. Recent advances in 2-dimensional (2D) video technology provide a...

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Autores principales:	Steven F DeFroda, Dai Sugimoto, Steven J Staffa, Donald S Bae, Ellen Shanley, Charles A Thigpen, Peter K Kriz
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	North American Sports Medicine Institute 2021
Materias:	Sports medicine RC1200-1245
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/ae5322eaf13e48bcaf9fc1b21cc5b367
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:ae5322eaf13e48bcaf9fc1b21cc5b3672021-12-02T00:38:44ZReliability of an Observational Biomechanical Analysis Tool in Adolescent Baseball Pitchers2159-2896https://doaj.org/article/ae5322eaf13e48bcaf9fc1b21cc5b3672021-12-01T00:00:00Zhttps://ijspt.scholasticahq.com/article/29869-reliability-of-an-observational-biomechanical-analysis-tool-in-adolescent-baseball-pitchers.pdfhttps://doaj.org/toc/2159-2896# Background Improper pitching mechanics are a risk factor for arm injuries. While 3-dimensional (3D) motion analysis remains the gold standard for evaluation, most pitchers and clinicians do not have access to this costly technology. Recent advances in 2-dimensional (2D) video technology provide acceptable resolution for clinical analysis. However, no systematic assessment tools for pitching analysis exist. # Purpose To determine the reliability of the Assessment of biomeChanical Efficiency System (ACES) screening tool using 2D video analysis to identify common biomechanical errors in adolescent pitchers. # Study Design Cross-sectional. # Methods Adolescent baseball pitchers underwent analysis using 2D video in indoor settings. Observational mechanics were collected using a 20-item scoring tool (ACES) based on 2D video analysis. Fleiss’ kappa, interclass correlation coefficients (ICC), and frequencies were used to examine intra-/interrater reliability based on common pitching errors. # Results Twenty asymptomatic pitchers ages 12-18 years were included. Total ACES scores ranged from 1 to 13, normally distributed. ACES total score demonstrated excellent intra-rater reliability within each rater (ICC for rater 1 = 0.99 (95% CI; 0.98, 0.99); ICC for rater 2 = 0.94; 95% CI: 0.84, 0.97); ICC for rater 3 = 0.98 (95% CI: 0.96, 0.99)). There was excellent interrater reliability across the trials and raters (ICC = 0.91; 95% CI: 0.82, 0.96). The ACES tool demonstrated acceptable kappas for individual items and strong ICC 0.91 (95% CI: 0.82, 0.96) for total scores across the trials. Regarding identification of biomechanical errors, “front side position” was rated erroneous in 84/120 ratings (70%), stride length in 52/120 ratings (43.3%) and lead hip position in 53/120 ratings (44.2%). # Conclusions The 20-item ACES scoring tool with 2D video analysis demonstrated excellent intra- and interrater reliability when utilized by raters of different musculoskeletal disciplines. Future studies validating 2D vs. 3D methodology are warranted before ACES is widely disseminated and utilized for adolescent pitchers. ACES is a practical and reliable clinical assessment tool utilizing 2D video analysis for coaches, instructors, and sports medicine providers to screen adolescent pitchers for common biomechanical errors. # Level of Evidence 3bSteven F DeFrodaDai SugimotoSteven J StaffaDonald S BaeEllen ShanleyCharles A ThigpenPeter K KrizNorth American Sports Medicine InstitutearticleSports medicineRC1200-1245ENInternational Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, Vol 16, Iss 6 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Sports medicine RC1200-1245
spellingShingle	Sports medicine RC1200-1245 Steven F DeFroda Dai Sugimoto Steven J Staffa Donald S Bae Ellen Shanley Charles A Thigpen Peter K Kriz Reliability of an Observational Biomechanical Analysis Tool in Adolescent Baseball Pitchers
description	# Background Improper pitching mechanics are a risk factor for arm injuries. While 3-dimensional (3D) motion analysis remains the gold standard for evaluation, most pitchers and clinicians do not have access to this costly technology. Recent advances in 2-dimensional (2D) video technology provide acceptable resolution for clinical analysis. However, no systematic assessment tools for pitching analysis exist. # Purpose To determine the reliability of the Assessment of biomeChanical Efficiency System (ACES) screening tool using 2D video analysis to identify common biomechanical errors in adolescent pitchers. # Study Design Cross-sectional. # Methods Adolescent baseball pitchers underwent analysis using 2D video in indoor settings. Observational mechanics were collected using a 20-item scoring tool (ACES) based on 2D video analysis. Fleiss’ kappa, interclass correlation coefficients (ICC), and frequencies were used to examine intra-/interrater reliability based on common pitching errors. # Results Twenty asymptomatic pitchers ages 12-18 years were included. Total ACES scores ranged from 1 to 13, normally distributed. ACES total score demonstrated excellent intra-rater reliability within each rater (ICC for rater 1 = 0.99 (95% CI; 0.98, 0.99); ICC for rater 2 = 0.94; 95% CI: 0.84, 0.97); ICC for rater 3 = 0.98 (95% CI: 0.96, 0.99)). There was excellent interrater reliability across the trials and raters (ICC = 0.91; 95% CI: 0.82, 0.96). The ACES tool demonstrated acceptable kappas for individual items and strong ICC 0.91 (95% CI: 0.82, 0.96) for total scores across the trials. Regarding identification of biomechanical errors, “front side position” was rated erroneous in 84/120 ratings (70%), stride length in 52/120 ratings (43.3%) and lead hip position in 53/120 ratings (44.2%). # Conclusions The 20-item ACES scoring tool with 2D video analysis demonstrated excellent intra- and interrater reliability when utilized by raters of different musculoskeletal disciplines. Future studies validating 2D vs. 3D methodology are warranted before ACES is widely disseminated and utilized for adolescent pitchers. ACES is a practical and reliable clinical assessment tool utilizing 2D video analysis for coaches, instructors, and sports medicine providers to screen adolescent pitchers for common biomechanical errors. # Level of Evidence 3b
format	article
author	Steven F DeFroda Dai Sugimoto Steven J Staffa Donald S Bae Ellen Shanley Charles A Thigpen Peter K Kriz
author_facet	Steven F DeFroda Dai Sugimoto Steven J Staffa Donald S Bae Ellen Shanley Charles A Thigpen Peter K Kriz
author_sort	Steven F DeFroda
title	Reliability of an Observational Biomechanical Analysis Tool in Adolescent Baseball Pitchers
title_short	Reliability of an Observational Biomechanical Analysis Tool in Adolescent Baseball Pitchers
title_full	Reliability of an Observational Biomechanical Analysis Tool in Adolescent Baseball Pitchers
title_fullStr	Reliability of an Observational Biomechanical Analysis Tool in Adolescent Baseball Pitchers
title_full_unstemmed	Reliability of an Observational Biomechanical Analysis Tool in Adolescent Baseball Pitchers
title_sort	reliability of an observational biomechanical analysis tool in adolescent baseball pitchers
publisher	North American Sports Medicine Institute
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/ae5322eaf13e48bcaf9fc1b21cc5b367
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Reliability of an Observational Biomechanical Analysis Tool in Adolescent Baseball Pitchers

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