Improvement in Tear Ferning Patterns of Sheep Tears After Addition of Various Electrolyte Solutions

Objective: This study aimed to improve the tear ferning (TF) patterns in the sheep tears after the addition of various electrolyte solutions in different proportions.Animal Studied: Sheep were located at a small farm in the outskirts of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The sheep had no ocular disorders or dise...

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Autores principales:	Raied Fagehi, Gamal A. El-Hiti, Bayh M. Alqarni, Mana A. Alanazi, Ali M. Masmali, Turki Almubrad
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	tear ferning electrolyte homogenous mixture sheep-lamb grading scale Medicine (General) R5-920
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/aebb8628bb254b28b336f0b74822bd64
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:aebb8628bb254b28b336f0b74822bd642021-11-19T04:44:35ZImprovement in Tear Ferning Patterns of Sheep Tears After Addition of Various Electrolyte Solutions2296-858X10.3389/fmed.2021.721969https://doaj.org/article/aebb8628bb254b28b336f0b74822bd642021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2021.721969/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/2296-858XObjective: This study aimed to improve the tear ferning (TF) patterns in the sheep tears after the addition of various electrolyte solutions in different proportions.Animal Studied: Sheep were located at a small farm in the outskirts of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The sheep had no ocular disorders or diseases, and none of the female sheep were pregnant.Methods: Tear samples (20 μl) were collected from the right eyes of seven healthy sheep (five female sheep and two male sheep; age 7–36 months with an average of 17.0 ± 10.3 months). A tear sample (1 μl) from each sheep was dried on a microscopic glass slide at 22°C and <40% humidity. The TF patterns were graded based on the five-point grading scale in 0.1 increments. Homogenous mixtures were prepared by mixing tears from each sheep (0.5 μl) with various electrolyte solutions in different proportions (1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:6, 1:8, and 1:10). A sample of each mixture (1 μl) was dried on a glass slide, and the TF patterns for each mixture were observed, recorded, graded, and compared with those of the corresponding pure sheep tears. In addition, each sheep tear sample (0.5 μl) was diluted with pure water (0.5 μl) and the TF images were recorded and graded to test the dilution effect.Results: General improvement was noted in TF grades after the addition of electrolyte solutions, ranging from 1.7–1.4 to 1.3–0.3 regardless of the ratio between the electrolyte solutions and sheep tears within the mixture. TF grades of sheep tear samples improved significantly after adding different volumes of calcium chloride solution. Similar improvements in TF grades were observed when magnesium chloride hexahydrate and sodium dihydrogen phosphate solutions were used as the electrolytes. Some improvements in the TF grades occurred with the addition of potassium chloride to sheep tear samples. There was little improvement in TF grades after the addition of sodium chloride solution.Conclusion: Tear ferning grades of sheep tear samples improved when mixed with a number of electrolyte solutions at different volumes, in particular with calcium chloride or magnesium chloride solutions. Some improvements in TF grades were seen with sodium dihydrogen phosphate or potassium chloride solution added as the electrolyte. Clearly, divalent electrolytes lead to a greater improvement in TF grades of sheep tear samples as compared with sodium dihydrogen phosphate or monovalent electrolytes.Raied FagehiGamal A. El-HitiBayh M. AlqarniMana A. AlanaziAli M. MasmaliTurki AlmubradFrontiers Media S.A.articletear ferningelectrolytehomogenous mixturesheep-lambgrading scaleMedicine (General)R5-920ENFrontiers in Medicine, Vol 8 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	tear ferning electrolyte homogenous mixture sheep-lamb grading scale Medicine (General) R5-920
spellingShingle	tear ferning electrolyte homogenous mixture sheep-lamb grading scale Medicine (General) R5-920 Raied Fagehi Gamal A. El-Hiti Bayh M. Alqarni Mana A. Alanazi Ali M. Masmali Turki Almubrad Improvement in Tear Ferning Patterns of Sheep Tears After Addition of Various Electrolyte Solutions
description	Objective: This study aimed to improve the tear ferning (TF) patterns in the sheep tears after the addition of various electrolyte solutions in different proportions.Animal Studied: Sheep were located at a small farm in the outskirts of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The sheep had no ocular disorders or diseases, and none of the female sheep were pregnant.Methods: Tear samples (20 μl) were collected from the right eyes of seven healthy sheep (five female sheep and two male sheep; age 7–36 months with an average of 17.0 ± 10.3 months). A tear sample (1 μl) from each sheep was dried on a microscopic glass slide at 22°C and <40% humidity. The TF patterns were graded based on the five-point grading scale in 0.1 increments. Homogenous mixtures were prepared by mixing tears from each sheep (0.5 μl) with various electrolyte solutions in different proportions (1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:6, 1:8, and 1:10). A sample of each mixture (1 μl) was dried on a glass slide, and the TF patterns for each mixture were observed, recorded, graded, and compared with those of the corresponding pure sheep tears. In addition, each sheep tear sample (0.5 μl) was diluted with pure water (0.5 μl) and the TF images were recorded and graded to test the dilution effect.Results: General improvement was noted in TF grades after the addition of electrolyte solutions, ranging from 1.7–1.4 to 1.3–0.3 regardless of the ratio between the electrolyte solutions and sheep tears within the mixture. TF grades of sheep tear samples improved significantly after adding different volumes of calcium chloride solution. Similar improvements in TF grades were observed when magnesium chloride hexahydrate and sodium dihydrogen phosphate solutions were used as the electrolytes. Some improvements in the TF grades occurred with the addition of potassium chloride to sheep tear samples. There was little improvement in TF grades after the addition of sodium chloride solution.Conclusion: Tear ferning grades of sheep tear samples improved when mixed with a number of electrolyte solutions at different volumes, in particular with calcium chloride or magnesium chloride solutions. Some improvements in TF grades were seen with sodium dihydrogen phosphate or potassium chloride solution added as the electrolyte. Clearly, divalent electrolytes lead to a greater improvement in TF grades of sheep tear samples as compared with sodium dihydrogen phosphate or monovalent electrolytes.
format	article
author	Raied Fagehi Gamal A. El-Hiti Bayh M. Alqarni Mana A. Alanazi Ali M. Masmali Turki Almubrad
author_facet	Raied Fagehi Gamal A. El-Hiti Bayh M. Alqarni Mana A. Alanazi Ali M. Masmali Turki Almubrad
author_sort	Raied Fagehi
title	Improvement in Tear Ferning Patterns of Sheep Tears After Addition of Various Electrolyte Solutions
title_short	Improvement in Tear Ferning Patterns of Sheep Tears After Addition of Various Electrolyte Solutions
title_full	Improvement in Tear Ferning Patterns of Sheep Tears After Addition of Various Electrolyte Solutions
title_fullStr	Improvement in Tear Ferning Patterns of Sheep Tears After Addition of Various Electrolyte Solutions
title_full_unstemmed	Improvement in Tear Ferning Patterns of Sheep Tears After Addition of Various Electrolyte Solutions
title_sort	improvement in tear ferning patterns of sheep tears after addition of various electrolyte solutions
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/aebb8628bb254b28b336f0b74822bd64
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Improvement in Tear Ferning Patterns of Sheep Tears After Addition of Various Electrolyte Solutions

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