Development of the Human Mycobiome over the First Month of Life and across Body Sites

ABSTRACT With the advent of next-generation sequencing and microbial community characterization, we are beginning to understand the key factors that shape early-life microbial colonization and associated health outcomes. Studies characterizing infant microbial colonization have focused mostly on bac...

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Autores principales:	Tonya L. Ward, Maria Gloria Dominguez-Bello, Tim Heisel, Gabriel Al-Ghalith, Dan Knights, Cheryl A. Gale
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2018
Materias:	ITS2 fungi infant microbiome mycobiome Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/af081b342ad64452a4cce4c652929feb
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:af081b342ad64452a4cce4c652929feb2021-12-02T19:47:34ZDevelopment of the Human Mycobiome over the First Month of Life and across Body Sites10.1128/mSystems.00140-172379-5077https://doaj.org/article/af081b342ad64452a4cce4c652929feb2018-06-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mSystems.00140-17https://doaj.org/toc/2379-5077ABSTRACT With the advent of next-generation sequencing and microbial community characterization, we are beginning to understand the key factors that shape early-life microbial colonization and associated health outcomes. Studies characterizing infant microbial colonization have focused mostly on bacteria in the microbiome and have largely neglected fungi (the mycobiome), despite their relevance to mucosal infections in healthy infants. In this pilot study, we characterized the skin, oral, and anal mycobiomes of infants over the first month of life (n = 17) and the anal and vaginal mycobiomes of mothers (n = 16) by internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) amplicon sequencing. We found that infant mycobiomes differed by body site, with the infant mycobiomes at the anal sites being different from those at the skin and oral sites. The relative abundances of body site-specific taxa differed by birth mode, with significantly more Candida albicans fungi present on the skin of vaginally born infants on day 30 and significantly more Candida orthopsilosis fungi present in the oral cavity of caesarean section-born infants throughout the first month of life. We found the mycobiomes within individual infants to be variable over the first month of life, and vaginal birth did not result in infant mycobiomes that were more similar to the mother’s vaginal mycobiome. Therefore, although vertical transmission of specific fungal isolates from mother to infant has been reported, it is likely that other sources (environment, other caregivers) also contribute to early-life mycobiome establishment. Thus, future longitudinal studies of mycobiome and bacterial microbiome codevelopment, with dense sampling from birth to beyond the first month of life, are warranted. IMPORTANCE Humans are colonized by diverse fungi (mycobiome), which have received much less study to date than colonizing bacteria. We know very little about the succession of fungal colonization in early life and whether it may relate to long-term health. To better understand fungal colonization and its sources, we studied the skin, oral, and anal mycobiomes of healthy term infants and the vaginal and anal mycobiomes of their mothers. Generally, infants were colonized by few fungal taxa, and fungal alpha diversity did not increase over the first month of life. There was no clear community maturation over the first month of life, regardless of body site. Key body-site-specific taxa, but not overall fungal community structures, were impacted by birth mode. Thus, additional studies to characterize mycobiome acquisition and succession throughout early life are needed to form a foundation for research into the relationship between mycobiome development and human disease.Tonya L. WardMaria Gloria Dominguez-BelloTim HeiselGabriel Al-GhalithDan KnightsCheryl A. GaleAmerican Society for MicrobiologyarticleITS2fungiinfantmicrobiomemycobiomeMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmSystems, Vol 3, Iss 3 (2018)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	ITS2 fungi infant microbiome mycobiome Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	ITS2 fungi infant microbiome mycobiome Microbiology QR1-502 Tonya L. Ward Maria Gloria Dominguez-Bello Tim Heisel Gabriel Al-Ghalith Dan Knights Cheryl A. Gale Development of the Human Mycobiome over the First Month of Life and across Body Sites
description	ABSTRACT With the advent of next-generation sequencing and microbial community characterization, we are beginning to understand the key factors that shape early-life microbial colonization and associated health outcomes. Studies characterizing infant microbial colonization have focused mostly on bacteria in the microbiome and have largely neglected fungi (the mycobiome), despite their relevance to mucosal infections in healthy infants. In this pilot study, we characterized the skin, oral, and anal mycobiomes of infants over the first month of life (n = 17) and the anal and vaginal mycobiomes of mothers (n = 16) by internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) amplicon sequencing. We found that infant mycobiomes differed by body site, with the infant mycobiomes at the anal sites being different from those at the skin and oral sites. The relative abundances of body site-specific taxa differed by birth mode, with significantly more Candida albicans fungi present on the skin of vaginally born infants on day 30 and significantly more Candida orthopsilosis fungi present in the oral cavity of caesarean section-born infants throughout the first month of life. We found the mycobiomes within individual infants to be variable over the first month of life, and vaginal birth did not result in infant mycobiomes that were more similar to the mother’s vaginal mycobiome. Therefore, although vertical transmission of specific fungal isolates from mother to infant has been reported, it is likely that other sources (environment, other caregivers) also contribute to early-life mycobiome establishment. Thus, future longitudinal studies of mycobiome and bacterial microbiome codevelopment, with dense sampling from birth to beyond the first month of life, are warranted. IMPORTANCE Humans are colonized by diverse fungi (mycobiome), which have received much less study to date than colonizing bacteria. We know very little about the succession of fungal colonization in early life and whether it may relate to long-term health. To better understand fungal colonization and its sources, we studied the skin, oral, and anal mycobiomes of healthy term infants and the vaginal and anal mycobiomes of their mothers. Generally, infants were colonized by few fungal taxa, and fungal alpha diversity did not increase over the first month of life. There was no clear community maturation over the first month of life, regardless of body site. Key body-site-specific taxa, but not overall fungal community structures, were impacted by birth mode. Thus, additional studies to characterize mycobiome acquisition and succession throughout early life are needed to form a foundation for research into the relationship between mycobiome development and human disease.
format	article
author	Tonya L. Ward Maria Gloria Dominguez-Bello Tim Heisel Gabriel Al-Ghalith Dan Knights Cheryl A. Gale
author_facet	Tonya L. Ward Maria Gloria Dominguez-Bello Tim Heisel Gabriel Al-Ghalith Dan Knights Cheryl A. Gale
author_sort	Tonya L. Ward
title	Development of the Human Mycobiome over the First Month of Life and across Body Sites
title_short	Development of the Human Mycobiome over the First Month of Life and across Body Sites
title_full	Development of the Human Mycobiome over the First Month of Life and across Body Sites
title_fullStr	Development of the Human Mycobiome over the First Month of Life and across Body Sites
title_full_unstemmed	Development of the Human Mycobiome over the First Month of Life and across Body Sites
title_sort	development of the human mycobiome over the first month of life and across body sites
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2018
url	https://doaj.org/article/af081b342ad64452a4cce4c652929feb
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Development of the Human Mycobiome over the First Month of Life and across Body Sites

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