A survey of honey bee colony losses in the U.S., fall 2007 to spring 2008.

<h4>Background</h4>Honey bees are an essential component of modern agriculture. A recently recognized ailment, Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD), devastates colonies, leaving hives with a complete lack of bees, dead or alive. Up to now, estimates of honey bee population decline have not inc...

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Autores principales:	Dennis van Engelsdorp, Jerry Hayes, Robyn M Underwood, Jeffery Pettis
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2008
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/af8f8d79054341a1ae9dbce2194e0f0d
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:af8f8d79054341a1ae9dbce2194e0f0d2021-11-25T06:17:57ZA survey of honey bee colony losses in the U.S., fall 2007 to spring 2008.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0004071https://doaj.org/article/af8f8d79054341a1ae9dbce2194e0f0d2008-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/19115015/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203<h4>Background</h4>Honey bees are an essential component of modern agriculture. A recently recognized ailment, Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD), devastates colonies, leaving hives with a complete lack of bees, dead or alive. Up to now, estimates of honey bee population decline have not included losses occurring during the wintering period, thus underestimating actual colony mortality. Our survey quantifies the extent of colony losses in the United States over the winter of 2007-2008.<h4>Methodology/principal findings</h4>Surveys were conducted to quantify and identify management factors (e.g. operation size, hive migration) that contribute to high colony losses in general and CCD symptoms in particular. Over 19% of the country's estimated 2.44 million colonies were surveyed. A total loss of 35.8% of colonies was recorded; an increase of 11.4% compared to last year. Operations that pollinated almonds lost, on average, the same number of colonies as those that did not. The 37.9% of operations that reported having at least some of their colonies die with a complete lack of bees had a total loss of 40.8% of colonies compared to the 17.1% loss reported by beekeepers without this symptom. Large operations were more likely to have this symptom suggesting that a contagious condition may be a causal factor. Sixty percent of all colonies that were reported dead in this survey died without dead bees, and thus possibly suffered from CCD. In PA, losses varied with region, indicating that ambient temperature over winter may be an important factor.<h4>Conclusions/significance</h4>Of utmost importance to understanding the recent losses and CCD is keeping track of losses over time and on a large geographic scale. Given that our surveys are representative of the losses across all beekeeping operations, between 0.75 and 1.00 million honey bee colonies are estimated to have died in the United States over the winter of 2007-2008. This article is an extensive survey of U.S. beekeepers across the continent, serving as a reference for comparison with future losses as well as providing guidance to future hypothesis-driven research on the causes of colony mortality.Dennis van EngelsdorpJerry HayesRobyn M UnderwoodJeffery PettisPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 3, Iss 12, p e4071 (2008)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Dennis van Engelsdorp Jerry Hayes Robyn M Underwood Jeffery Pettis A survey of honey bee colony losses in the U.S., fall 2007 to spring 2008.
description	<h4>Background</h4>Honey bees are an essential component of modern agriculture. A recently recognized ailment, Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD), devastates colonies, leaving hives with a complete lack of bees, dead or alive. Up to now, estimates of honey bee population decline have not included losses occurring during the wintering period, thus underestimating actual colony mortality. Our survey quantifies the extent of colony losses in the United States over the winter of 2007-2008.<h4>Methodology/principal findings</h4>Surveys were conducted to quantify and identify management factors (e.g. operation size, hive migration) that contribute to high colony losses in general and CCD symptoms in particular. Over 19% of the country's estimated 2.44 million colonies were surveyed. A total loss of 35.8% of colonies was recorded; an increase of 11.4% compared to last year. Operations that pollinated almonds lost, on average, the same number of colonies as those that did not. The 37.9% of operations that reported having at least some of their colonies die with a complete lack of bees had a total loss of 40.8% of colonies compared to the 17.1% loss reported by beekeepers without this symptom. Large operations were more likely to have this symptom suggesting that a contagious condition may be a causal factor. Sixty percent of all colonies that were reported dead in this survey died without dead bees, and thus possibly suffered from CCD. In PA, losses varied with region, indicating that ambient temperature over winter may be an important factor.<h4>Conclusions/significance</h4>Of utmost importance to understanding the recent losses and CCD is keeping track of losses over time and on a large geographic scale. Given that our surveys are representative of the losses across all beekeeping operations, between 0.75 and 1.00 million honey bee colonies are estimated to have died in the United States over the winter of 2007-2008. This article is an extensive survey of U.S. beekeepers across the continent, serving as a reference for comparison with future losses as well as providing guidance to future hypothesis-driven research on the causes of colony mortality.
format	article
author	Dennis van Engelsdorp Jerry Hayes Robyn M Underwood Jeffery Pettis
author_facet	Dennis van Engelsdorp Jerry Hayes Robyn M Underwood Jeffery Pettis
author_sort	Dennis van Engelsdorp
title	A survey of honey bee colony losses in the U.S., fall 2007 to spring 2008.
title_short	A survey of honey bee colony losses in the U.S., fall 2007 to spring 2008.
title_full	A survey of honey bee colony losses in the U.S., fall 2007 to spring 2008.
title_fullStr	A survey of honey bee colony losses in the U.S., fall 2007 to spring 2008.
title_full_unstemmed	A survey of honey bee colony losses in the U.S., fall 2007 to spring 2008.
title_sort	survey of honey bee colony losses in the u.s., fall 2007 to spring 2008.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2008
url	https://doaj.org/article/af8f8d79054341a1ae9dbce2194e0f0d
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A survey of honey bee colony losses in the U.S., fall 2007 to spring 2008.

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