Do freeze-thaw cycles affect the cadmium accumulation, subcellular distribution, and chemical forms in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)?

To date, although there are many studies investigating the toxicity of heavy metal to plant, little research exists in the seasonal freeze-thaw (FT) regions where FT cycles often happen during the plant growing process. To reveal the adaptive mechanisms of plants to the combination stresses of cadmi...

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Autores principales:	Quan-Ying Wang, Nai-Wen Hu, Hong-Wen Yu, Qi-Rong Wang, Yu-Xin Liu, Jing Yue, Bo Hu
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Elsevier 2021
Materias:	Antioxidant enzyme Cadmium Chemical forms Freeze-thaw cycles Spinach Subcellular distribution Environmental pollution TD172-193.5 Environmental sciences GE1-350
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/af92725749db4ec58b0c179dda642325
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:af92725749db4ec58b0c179dda6423252021-11-04T04:25:49ZDo freeze-thaw cycles affect the cadmium accumulation, subcellular distribution, and chemical forms in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)?0147-651310.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112952https://doaj.org/article/af92725749db4ec58b0c179dda6423252021-12-01T00:00:00Zhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651321010642https://doaj.org/toc/0147-6513To date, although there are many studies investigating the toxicity of heavy metal to plant, little research exists in the seasonal freeze-thaw (FT) regions where FT cycles often happen during the plant growing process. To reveal the adaptive mechanisms of plants to the combination stresses of cadmium (Cd) and FT, the Cd accumulation, subcellular distribution, chemical forms, and antioxidant enzyme activity (peroxidase (POD)) were investigated in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) growing under different soil Cd levels (i.e., 0.10 mg Cd kg−1 soil (low), 1.21 mg Cd kg−1 soil (medium), and 2.57 mg Cd kg−1 soil (high)). Compared to the non-freeze-thaw (NFT) treatments, higher Cd concentrations in the root and lower translocation factors from root to leaf were found for the plants experiencing FT cycles. FT significantly decreased the Cd concentrations in the leaves under the low- and medium-Cd treatments, while similar values were found for the high-Cd treatments. Generally, FT could decrease the concentrations and proportions of Cd stored in the cell wall and soluble fractions and increase them in the organelle fractions for the medium- and high-Cd treatments, while opposite tendency was found for the low-Cd treatments. Moreover, larger Cd amounts in the inorganic and water-soluble forms were found for the low- and medium-Cd treated plants under FT, while lower values were found for the high-Cd treatments. Additionally, POD, which presented higher activities at the low- and medium-Cd treatments and lower activities at the high-Cd treatments under FT, were also significantly influenced by the Cd × FT interaction. This study indicated that FT could significantly change the accumulations of Cd in plant, and it provided a new insight into the Cd accumulation by plants in the seasonal FT region.Quan-Ying WangNai-Wen HuHong-Wen YuQi-Rong WangYu-Xin LiuJing YueBo HuElsevierarticleAntioxidant enzymeCadmiumChemical formsFreeze-thaw cyclesSpinachSubcellular distributionEnvironmental pollutionTD172-193.5Environmental sciencesGE1-350ENEcotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Vol 228, Iss , Pp 112952- (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Antioxidant enzyme Cadmium Chemical forms Freeze-thaw cycles Spinach Subcellular distribution Environmental pollution TD172-193.5 Environmental sciences GE1-350
spellingShingle	Antioxidant enzyme Cadmium Chemical forms Freeze-thaw cycles Spinach Subcellular distribution Environmental pollution TD172-193.5 Environmental sciences GE1-350 Quan-Ying Wang Nai-Wen Hu Hong-Wen Yu Qi-Rong Wang Yu-Xin Liu Jing Yue Bo Hu Do freeze-thaw cycles affect the cadmium accumulation, subcellular distribution, and chemical forms in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)?
description	To date, although there are many studies investigating the toxicity of heavy metal to plant, little research exists in the seasonal freeze-thaw (FT) regions where FT cycles often happen during the plant growing process. To reveal the adaptive mechanisms of plants to the combination stresses of cadmium (Cd) and FT, the Cd accumulation, subcellular distribution, chemical forms, and antioxidant enzyme activity (peroxidase (POD)) were investigated in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) growing under different soil Cd levels (i.e., 0.10 mg Cd kg−1 soil (low), 1.21 mg Cd kg−1 soil (medium), and 2.57 mg Cd kg−1 soil (high)). Compared to the non-freeze-thaw (NFT) treatments, higher Cd concentrations in the root and lower translocation factors from root to leaf were found for the plants experiencing FT cycles. FT significantly decreased the Cd concentrations in the leaves under the low- and medium-Cd treatments, while similar values were found for the high-Cd treatments. Generally, FT could decrease the concentrations and proportions of Cd stored in the cell wall and soluble fractions and increase them in the organelle fractions for the medium- and high-Cd treatments, while opposite tendency was found for the low-Cd treatments. Moreover, larger Cd amounts in the inorganic and water-soluble forms were found for the low- and medium-Cd treated plants under FT, while lower values were found for the high-Cd treatments. Additionally, POD, which presented higher activities at the low- and medium-Cd treatments and lower activities at the high-Cd treatments under FT, were also significantly influenced by the Cd × FT interaction. This study indicated that FT could significantly change the accumulations of Cd in plant, and it provided a new insight into the Cd accumulation by plants in the seasonal FT region.
format	article
author	Quan-Ying Wang Nai-Wen Hu Hong-Wen Yu Qi-Rong Wang Yu-Xin Liu Jing Yue Bo Hu
author_facet	Quan-Ying Wang Nai-Wen Hu Hong-Wen Yu Qi-Rong Wang Yu-Xin Liu Jing Yue Bo Hu
author_sort	Quan-Ying Wang
title	Do freeze-thaw cycles affect the cadmium accumulation, subcellular distribution, and chemical forms in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)?
title_short	Do freeze-thaw cycles affect the cadmium accumulation, subcellular distribution, and chemical forms in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)?
title_full	Do freeze-thaw cycles affect the cadmium accumulation, subcellular distribution, and chemical forms in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)?
title_fullStr	Do freeze-thaw cycles affect the cadmium accumulation, subcellular distribution, and chemical forms in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)?
title_full_unstemmed	Do freeze-thaw cycles affect the cadmium accumulation, subcellular distribution, and chemical forms in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)?
title_sort	do freeze-thaw cycles affect the cadmium accumulation, subcellular distribution, and chemical forms in spinach (spinacia oleracea l.)?
publisher	Elsevier
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/af92725749db4ec58b0c179dda642325
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Do freeze-thaw cycles affect the cadmium accumulation, subcellular distribution, and chemical forms in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)?

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