Differential nanoreprotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in male somatic cells and spermatogonial stem cells

Xi-Feng Zhang,* Yun-Jung Choi,* Jae Woong Han, Eunsu Kim, Jung Hyun Park, Sangiliyandi Gurunathan, Jin-Hoi Kim Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea *These authors contributed equally to this work Background: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) possess uniqu...

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Autores principales:	Zhang XF, Choi YJ, Han JW, Kim ES, Park JH, Gurunathan S, Kim JH
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2015
Materias:	Medicine (General) R5-920
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/aff3fc46cd1648d793515f06a14fec85
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:aff3fc46cd1648d793515f06a14fec852021-12-02T07:13:44ZDifferential nanoreprotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in male somatic cells and spermatogonial stem cells1178-2013https://doaj.org/article/aff3fc46cd1648d793515f06a14fec852015-02-01T00:00:00Zhttp://www.dovepress.com/differential-nanoreprotoxicity-of-silver-nanoparticles-in-male-somatic-peer-reviewed-article-IJNhttps://doaj.org/toc/1178-2013 Xi-Feng Zhang,* Yun-Jung Choi,* Jae Woong Han, Eunsu Kim, Jung Hyun Park, Sangiliyandi Gurunathan, Jin-Hoi Kim Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea *These authors contributed equally to this work Background: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) possess unique physical, chemical, and biological properties. AgNPs have been increasingly used as anticancer, antiangiogenic, and antibacterial agents for the treatment of bacterial infections in open wounds as well as in ointments, bandages, and wound dressings. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of two different sizes of AgNPs (10 nm and 20 nm) in male somatic Leydig (TM3) and Sertoli (TM4) cells and spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). Methods: Here, we demonstrate a green and simple method for the synthesis of AgNPs using Bacillus cereus culture supernatants. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized using ultraviolet and visible absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The toxicity of the synthesized AgNPs was evaluated by the effects on cell viability, metabolic activity, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and expression of genes encoding steroidogenic and tight junction proteins. Results: AgNPs inhibited the viability and proliferation of TM3 and TM4 cells in a dose- and size-dependent manner by damaging cell membranes and inducing the generation of reactive oxygen species, which in turn affected SSC growth on TM3 and TM4 as feeder cells. Small AgNPs (10 nm) were more cytotoxic than medium-sized nanoparticles (20 nm). TEM revealed the presence of AgNPs in the cell cytoplasm and nucleus, and detected mitochondrial damage and enhanced formation of autosomes and autolysosomes in the AgNP-treated cells. Flow cytometry analysis using Annexin V/propidium iodide staining showed massive cell death by apoptosis or necrosis. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses indicated that in TM3 and TM4 cells, AgNPs activated the p53, p38, and pErk1/2 signaling pathways and significantly downregulated the expression of genes related to testosterone synthesis (TM3) and tight junctions (TM4). Furthermore, the exposure of TM3 and TM4 cells to AgNPs inhibited proliferation and self-renewal of SSCs. Conclusion: Our results suggest that AgNPs exhibit size-dependent nanoreprotoxicity in male somatic cells and SSCs, strongly suggesting that applications of AgNPs in commercial products must be carefully evaluated. Further studies of AgNPs-induced nanoreprotoxicity in animal models are required. Keywords: Sertoli cells, Leydig cells, apoptosis, oxidative stress, tight junction proteins, apoptosisZhang XFChoi YJHan JWKim ESPark JHGurunathan SKim JHDove Medical PressarticleMedicine (General)R5-920ENInternational Journal of Nanomedicine, Vol 2015, Iss default, Pp 1335-1357 (2015)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine (General) R5-920
spellingShingle	Medicine (General) R5-920 Zhang XF Choi YJ Han JW Kim ES Park JH Gurunathan S Kim JH Differential nanoreprotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in male somatic cells and spermatogonial stem cells
description	Xi-Feng Zhang,* Yun-Jung Choi,* Jae Woong Han, Eunsu Kim, Jung Hyun Park, Sangiliyandi Gurunathan, Jin-Hoi Kim Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea *These authors contributed equally to this work Background: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) possess unique physical, chemical, and biological properties. AgNPs have been increasingly used as anticancer, antiangiogenic, and antibacterial agents for the treatment of bacterial infections in open wounds as well as in ointments, bandages, and wound dressings. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of two different sizes of AgNPs (10 nm and 20 nm) in male somatic Leydig (TM3) and Sertoli (TM4) cells and spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). Methods: Here, we demonstrate a green and simple method for the synthesis of AgNPs using Bacillus cereus culture supernatants. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized using ultraviolet and visible absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The toxicity of the synthesized AgNPs was evaluated by the effects on cell viability, metabolic activity, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and expression of genes encoding steroidogenic and tight junction proteins. Results: AgNPs inhibited the viability and proliferation of TM3 and TM4 cells in a dose- and size-dependent manner by damaging cell membranes and inducing the generation of reactive oxygen species, which in turn affected SSC growth on TM3 and TM4 as feeder cells. Small AgNPs (10 nm) were more cytotoxic than medium-sized nanoparticles (20 nm). TEM revealed the presence of AgNPs in the cell cytoplasm and nucleus, and detected mitochondrial damage and enhanced formation of autosomes and autolysosomes in the AgNP-treated cells. Flow cytometry analysis using Annexin V/propidium iodide staining showed massive cell death by apoptosis or necrosis. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses indicated that in TM3 and TM4 cells, AgNPs activated the p53, p38, and pErk1/2 signaling pathways and significantly downregulated the expression of genes related to testosterone synthesis (TM3) and tight junctions (TM4). Furthermore, the exposure of TM3 and TM4 cells to AgNPs inhibited proliferation and self-renewal of SSCs. Conclusion: Our results suggest that AgNPs exhibit size-dependent nanoreprotoxicity in male somatic cells and SSCs, strongly suggesting that applications of AgNPs in commercial products must be carefully evaluated. Further studies of AgNPs-induced nanoreprotoxicity in animal models are required. Keywords: Sertoli cells, Leydig cells, apoptosis, oxidative stress, tight junction proteins, apoptosis
format	article
author	Zhang XF Choi YJ Han JW Kim ES Park JH Gurunathan S Kim JH
author_facet	Zhang XF Choi YJ Han JW Kim ES Park JH Gurunathan S Kim JH
author_sort	Zhang XF
title	Differential nanoreprotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in male somatic cells and spermatogonial stem cells
title_short	Differential nanoreprotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in male somatic cells and spermatogonial stem cells
title_full	Differential nanoreprotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in male somatic cells and spermatogonial stem cells
title_fullStr	Differential nanoreprotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in male somatic cells and spermatogonial stem cells
title_full_unstemmed	Differential nanoreprotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in male somatic cells and spermatogonial stem cells
title_sort	differential nanoreprotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in male somatic cells and spermatogonial stem cells
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2015
url	https://doaj.org/article/aff3fc46cd1648d793515f06a14fec85
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Differential nanoreprotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in male somatic cells and spermatogonial stem cells

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