Optimization of Micro-Pollutants’ Removal from Wastewater Using Agricultural Waste-Derived Sustainable Adsorbent

Water pollution due to the discharge of untreated industrial effluents is a serious environmental and public health issue. The presence of organic pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) causes worldwide concern because of their mutagenic and carcinogenic effects on aquatic life,...

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Autores principales:	Areej Alhothali, Tahir Haneef, Muhammad Raza Ul Mustafa, Kawthar Mostafa Moria, Umer Rashid, Kashif Rasool, Omaimah Omar Bamasag
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	wastewater micro-pollutants palm kernel shell biochar response surface methodology Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/b01de9375fbf48fd9fd346b9c6f04f35
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:b01de9375fbf48fd9fd346b9c6f04f352021-11-11T16:37:43ZOptimization of Micro-Pollutants’ Removal from Wastewater Using Agricultural Waste-Derived Sustainable Adsorbent10.3390/ijerph1821115061660-46011661-7827https://doaj.org/article/b01de9375fbf48fd9fd346b9c6f04f352021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/21/11506https://doaj.org/toc/1661-7827https://doaj.org/toc/1660-4601Water pollution due to the discharge of untreated industrial effluents is a serious environmental and public health issue. The presence of organic pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) causes worldwide concern because of their mutagenic and carcinogenic effects on aquatic life, human beings, and the environment. PAHs are pervasive atmospheric compounds that cause nervous system damage, mental retardation, cancer, and renal kidney diseases. This research presents the first usage of palm kernel shell biochar (PKSB) (obtained from agricultural waste) for PAH removal from industrial wastewater (oil and gas wastewater/produced water). A batch scale study was conducted for the remediation of PAHs and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from produced water. The influence of operating parameters such as biochar dosage, pH, and contact time was optimized and validated using a response surface methodology (RSM). Under optimized conditions, i.e., biochar dosage 2.99 g L<sup>−1</sup>, pH 4.0, and contact time 208.89 min, 93.16% of PAHs and 97.84% of COD were predicted. However, under optimized conditions of independent variables, 95.34% of PAH and 98.21% of COD removal was obtained in the laboratory. The experimental data were fitted to the empirical second-order model of a suitable degree for the maximum removal of PAHs and COD by the biochar. ANOVA analysis showed a high coefficient of determination value (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.97) and a reasonable second-order regression prediction. Additionally, the study also showed a comparative analysis of PKSB with previously used agricultural waste biochar for PAH and COD removal. The PKSB showed significantly higher removal efficiency than other types of biochar. The study also provides analysis on the reusability of PKSB for up to four cycles using two different methods. The methods reflected a significantly good performance for PAH and COD removal for up to two cycles. Hence, the study demonstrated a successful application of PKSB as a potential sustainable adsorbent for the removal of micro-pollutants from produced water.Areej AlhothaliTahir HaneefMuhammad Raza Ul MustafaKawthar Mostafa MoriaUmer RashidKashif RasoolOmaimah Omar BamasagMDPI AGarticlewastewatermicro-pollutantspalm kernel shell biocharresponse surface methodologyMedicineRENInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 18, Iss 11506, p 11506 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	wastewater micro-pollutants palm kernel shell biochar response surface methodology Medicine R
spellingShingle	wastewater micro-pollutants palm kernel shell biochar response surface methodology Medicine R Areej Alhothali Tahir Haneef Muhammad Raza Ul Mustafa Kawthar Mostafa Moria Umer Rashid Kashif Rasool Omaimah Omar Bamasag Optimization of Micro-Pollutants’ Removal from Wastewater Using Agricultural Waste-Derived Sustainable Adsorbent
description	Water pollution due to the discharge of untreated industrial effluents is a serious environmental and public health issue. The presence of organic pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) causes worldwide concern because of their mutagenic and carcinogenic effects on aquatic life, human beings, and the environment. PAHs are pervasive atmospheric compounds that cause nervous system damage, mental retardation, cancer, and renal kidney diseases. This research presents the first usage of palm kernel shell biochar (PKSB) (obtained from agricultural waste) for PAH removal from industrial wastewater (oil and gas wastewater/produced water). A batch scale study was conducted for the remediation of PAHs and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from produced water. The influence of operating parameters such as biochar dosage, pH, and contact time was optimized and validated using a response surface methodology (RSM). Under optimized conditions, i.e., biochar dosage 2.99 g L<sup>−1</sup>, pH 4.0, and contact time 208.89 min, 93.16% of PAHs and 97.84% of COD were predicted. However, under optimized conditions of independent variables, 95.34% of PAH and 98.21% of COD removal was obtained in the laboratory. The experimental data were fitted to the empirical second-order model of a suitable degree for the maximum removal of PAHs and COD by the biochar. ANOVA analysis showed a high coefficient of determination value (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.97) and a reasonable second-order regression prediction. Additionally, the study also showed a comparative analysis of PKSB with previously used agricultural waste biochar for PAH and COD removal. The PKSB showed significantly higher removal efficiency than other types of biochar. The study also provides analysis on the reusability of PKSB for up to four cycles using two different methods. The methods reflected a significantly good performance for PAH and COD removal for up to two cycles. Hence, the study demonstrated a successful application of PKSB as a potential sustainable adsorbent for the removal of micro-pollutants from produced water.
format	article
author	Areej Alhothali Tahir Haneef Muhammad Raza Ul Mustafa Kawthar Mostafa Moria Umer Rashid Kashif Rasool Omaimah Omar Bamasag
author_facet	Areej Alhothali Tahir Haneef Muhammad Raza Ul Mustafa Kawthar Mostafa Moria Umer Rashid Kashif Rasool Omaimah Omar Bamasag
author_sort	Areej Alhothali
title	Optimization of Micro-Pollutants’ Removal from Wastewater Using Agricultural Waste-Derived Sustainable Adsorbent
title_short	Optimization of Micro-Pollutants’ Removal from Wastewater Using Agricultural Waste-Derived Sustainable Adsorbent
title_full	Optimization of Micro-Pollutants’ Removal from Wastewater Using Agricultural Waste-Derived Sustainable Adsorbent
title_fullStr	Optimization of Micro-Pollutants’ Removal from Wastewater Using Agricultural Waste-Derived Sustainable Adsorbent
title_full_unstemmed	Optimization of Micro-Pollutants’ Removal from Wastewater Using Agricultural Waste-Derived Sustainable Adsorbent
title_sort	optimization of micro-pollutants’ removal from wastewater using agricultural waste-derived sustainable adsorbent
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/b01de9375fbf48fd9fd346b9c6f04f35
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Optimization of Micro-Pollutants’ Removal from Wastewater Using Agricultural Waste-Derived Sustainable Adsorbent

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