Environmental variables influence the developmental stages of the citrus leafminer, infestation level and mined leaves physiological response of Kinnow mandarin

Abstract Climate change has not only exacerbated abiotic stress, but has also rendered external conditions more feasible for pests to spread and infest citrus fruit. Citrus leafminer (Phyllocnistis citrella) is a potential pest that directly feeds the newly sprouted leaves and twigs of all three spr...

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Autores principales:	Rab Nawaz, Nadeem Akhtar Abbasi, Ishfaq Ahmad Hafiz, Muhammad Faisal Khan, Azeem Khalid
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/b06ea2d1a61847bbb41dd8b57aac1939
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:b06ea2d1a61847bbb41dd8b57aac19392021-12-02T14:37:14ZEnvironmental variables influence the developmental stages of the citrus leafminer, infestation level and mined leaves physiological response of Kinnow mandarin10.1038/s41598-021-87160-82045-2322https://doaj.org/article/b06ea2d1a61847bbb41dd8b57aac19392021-04-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-87160-8https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract Climate change has not only exacerbated abiotic stress, but has also rendered external conditions more feasible for pests to spread and infest citrus fruit. Citrus leafminer (Phyllocnistis citrella) is a potential pest that directly feeds the newly sprouted leaves and twigs of all three spring, summer and autumn flushes. Increasing temperatures in spring and autumn, leafminer accrued more heat units or developmental degree days to accelerate the biological stages of its life-cycle, thereby increasing the pressure of infestation. Present work was conducted at three different environmental conditions in Sargodha, Toba Tek Singh (TTS) and Vehari districts of the Punjab province, Pakistan; all three experimental sites were located in different agro-ecological zones. More infestation was recorded in all three flushes at TTS and Vehari than in Sargodha. Overall, more damage was observed due to higher temperatures in TTS and Vehari than in Sargodha. After May–June heat stress, spontaneous vegetative growth continued from July to November, produced newly spouted tender leaves for feeding the leafminer larvae, and was seen more in TTS and Vehari. Leafminer larva prefers to enter young and tender leaves with a maximum entrance in leaves up to 1 cm2 in size while observing no entrance above 3 cm2 of leaf size. Physiological response of leaves primarily attributed to chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, both of which were recorded lower in the mined leaves, thereby reducing leaf photosynthetic activity. Similarly, lower levels of polyphenols and antioxidant activity were also recorded in the mined leaves. The on-tree age of mined leaves of three vegetative flushes of Kinnow plant was also less counted than non-mined leaves. Climate change has affected vegetative phenology and become feasible for pests due to extemporaneous leaf growth, particularly leafminer, and eventually causes economic loss by supplying low carbohydrates either to hanging fruits or next-season crops.Rab NawazNadeem Akhtar AbbasiIshfaq Ahmad HafizMuhammad Faisal KhanAzeem KhalidNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-20 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Rab Nawaz Nadeem Akhtar Abbasi Ishfaq Ahmad Hafiz Muhammad Faisal Khan Azeem Khalid Environmental variables influence the developmental stages of the citrus leafminer, infestation level and mined leaves physiological response of Kinnow mandarin
description	Abstract Climate change has not only exacerbated abiotic stress, but has also rendered external conditions more feasible for pests to spread and infest citrus fruit. Citrus leafminer (Phyllocnistis citrella) is a potential pest that directly feeds the newly sprouted leaves and twigs of all three spring, summer and autumn flushes. Increasing temperatures in spring and autumn, leafminer accrued more heat units or developmental degree days to accelerate the biological stages of its life-cycle, thereby increasing the pressure of infestation. Present work was conducted at three different environmental conditions in Sargodha, Toba Tek Singh (TTS) and Vehari districts of the Punjab province, Pakistan; all three experimental sites were located in different agro-ecological zones. More infestation was recorded in all three flushes at TTS and Vehari than in Sargodha. Overall, more damage was observed due to higher temperatures in TTS and Vehari than in Sargodha. After May–June heat stress, spontaneous vegetative growth continued from July to November, produced newly spouted tender leaves for feeding the leafminer larvae, and was seen more in TTS and Vehari. Leafminer larva prefers to enter young and tender leaves with a maximum entrance in leaves up to 1 cm2 in size while observing no entrance above 3 cm2 of leaf size. Physiological response of leaves primarily attributed to chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, both of which were recorded lower in the mined leaves, thereby reducing leaf photosynthetic activity. Similarly, lower levels of polyphenols and antioxidant activity were also recorded in the mined leaves. The on-tree age of mined leaves of three vegetative flushes of Kinnow plant was also less counted than non-mined leaves. Climate change has affected vegetative phenology and become feasible for pests due to extemporaneous leaf growth, particularly leafminer, and eventually causes economic loss by supplying low carbohydrates either to hanging fruits or next-season crops.
format	article
author	Rab Nawaz Nadeem Akhtar Abbasi Ishfaq Ahmad Hafiz Muhammad Faisal Khan Azeem Khalid
author_facet	Rab Nawaz Nadeem Akhtar Abbasi Ishfaq Ahmad Hafiz Muhammad Faisal Khan Azeem Khalid
author_sort	Rab Nawaz
title	Environmental variables influence the developmental stages of the citrus leafminer, infestation level and mined leaves physiological response of Kinnow mandarin
title_short	Environmental variables influence the developmental stages of the citrus leafminer, infestation level and mined leaves physiological response of Kinnow mandarin
title_full	Environmental variables influence the developmental stages of the citrus leafminer, infestation level and mined leaves physiological response of Kinnow mandarin
title_fullStr	Environmental variables influence the developmental stages of the citrus leafminer, infestation level and mined leaves physiological response of Kinnow mandarin
title_full_unstemmed	Environmental variables influence the developmental stages of the citrus leafminer, infestation level and mined leaves physiological response of Kinnow mandarin
title_sort	environmental variables influence the developmental stages of the citrus leafminer, infestation level and mined leaves physiological response of kinnow mandarin
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/b06ea2d1a61847bbb41dd8b57aac1939
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Environmental variables influence the developmental stages of the citrus leafminer, infestation level and mined leaves physiological response of Kinnow mandarin

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