Transparency order versus confusion coefficient: a case study of NIST lightweight cryptography S-Boxes

Abstract Side-channel resistance is nowadays widely accepted as a crucial factor in deciding the security assurance level of cryptographic implementations. In most cases, non-linear components (e.g. S-Boxes) of cryptographic algorithms will be chosen as primary targets of side-channel attacks (SCAs)...

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Autores principales:	Huizhong Li, Guang Yang, Jingdian Ming, Yongbin Zhou, Chengbin Jin
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	SpringerOpen 2021
Materias:	Side-channel attacks NIST lightweight cryptography S-Boxes Transparency order Confusion coefficient Computer engineering. Computer hardware TK7885-7895 Electronic computers. Computer science QA75.5-76.95
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/b0b1d614f1d74b77ae41da453f7708d5
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:b0b1d614f1d74b77ae41da453f7708d52021-11-08T10:44:50ZTransparency order versus confusion coefficient: a case study of NIST lightweight cryptography S-Boxes10.1186/s42400-021-00099-12523-3246https://doaj.org/article/b0b1d614f1d74b77ae41da453f7708d52021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-021-00099-1https://doaj.org/toc/2523-3246Abstract Side-channel resistance is nowadays widely accepted as a crucial factor in deciding the security assurance level of cryptographic implementations. In most cases, non-linear components (e.g. S-Boxes) of cryptographic algorithms will be chosen as primary targets of side-channel attacks (SCAs). In order to measure side-channel resistance of S-Boxes, three theoretical metrics are proposed and they are reVisited transparency order (VTO), confusion coefficients variance (CCV), and minimum confusion coefficient (MCC), respectively. However, the practical effectiveness of these metrics remains still unclear. Taking the 4-bit and 8-bit S-Boxes used in NIST Lightweight Cryptography candidates as concrete examples, this paper takes a comprehensive study of the applicability of these metrics. First of all, we empirically investigate the relations among three metrics for targeted S-boxes, and find that CCV is almost linearly correlated with VTO, while MCC is inconsistent with the other two. Furthermore, in order to verify which metric is more effective in which scenarios, we perform simulated and practical experiments on nine 4-bit S-Boxes under the non-profiled attacks and profiled attacks, respectively. The experiments show that for quantifying side-channel resistance of S-Boxes under non-profiled attacks, VTO and CCV are more reliable while MCC fails. We also obtain an interesting observation that none of these three metrics is suitable for measuring the resistance of S-Boxes against profiled SCAs. Finally, we try to verify whether these metrics can be applied to compare the resistance of S-Boxes with different sizes. Unfortunately, all of them are invalid in this scenario.Huizhong LiGuang YangJingdian MingYongbin ZhouChengbin JinSpringerOpenarticleSide-channel attacksNIST lightweight cryptography S-BoxesTransparency orderConfusion coefficientComputer engineering. Computer hardwareTK7885-7895Electronic computers. Computer scienceQA75.5-76.95ENCybersecurity, Vol 4, Iss 1, Pp 1-20 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Side-channel attacks NIST lightweight cryptography S-Boxes Transparency order Confusion coefficient Computer engineering. Computer hardware TK7885-7895 Electronic computers. Computer science QA75.5-76.95
spellingShingle	Side-channel attacks NIST lightweight cryptography S-Boxes Transparency order Confusion coefficient Computer engineering. Computer hardware TK7885-7895 Electronic computers. Computer science QA75.5-76.95 Huizhong Li Guang Yang Jingdian Ming Yongbin Zhou Chengbin Jin Transparency order versus confusion coefficient: a case study of NIST lightweight cryptography S-Boxes
description	Abstract Side-channel resistance is nowadays widely accepted as a crucial factor in deciding the security assurance level of cryptographic implementations. In most cases, non-linear components (e.g. S-Boxes) of cryptographic algorithms will be chosen as primary targets of side-channel attacks (SCAs). In order to measure side-channel resistance of S-Boxes, three theoretical metrics are proposed and they are reVisited transparency order (VTO), confusion coefficients variance (CCV), and minimum confusion coefficient (MCC), respectively. However, the practical effectiveness of these metrics remains still unclear. Taking the 4-bit and 8-bit S-Boxes used in NIST Lightweight Cryptography candidates as concrete examples, this paper takes a comprehensive study of the applicability of these metrics. First of all, we empirically investigate the relations among three metrics for targeted S-boxes, and find that CCV is almost linearly correlated with VTO, while MCC is inconsistent with the other two. Furthermore, in order to verify which metric is more effective in which scenarios, we perform simulated and practical experiments on nine 4-bit S-Boxes under the non-profiled attacks and profiled attacks, respectively. The experiments show that for quantifying side-channel resistance of S-Boxes under non-profiled attacks, VTO and CCV are more reliable while MCC fails. We also obtain an interesting observation that none of these three metrics is suitable for measuring the resistance of S-Boxes against profiled SCAs. Finally, we try to verify whether these metrics can be applied to compare the resistance of S-Boxes with different sizes. Unfortunately, all of them are invalid in this scenario.
format	article
author	Huizhong Li Guang Yang Jingdian Ming Yongbin Zhou Chengbin Jin
author_facet	Huizhong Li Guang Yang Jingdian Ming Yongbin Zhou Chengbin Jin
author_sort	Huizhong Li
title	Transparency order versus confusion coefficient: a case study of NIST lightweight cryptography S-Boxes
title_short	Transparency order versus confusion coefficient: a case study of NIST lightweight cryptography S-Boxes
title_full	Transparency order versus confusion coefficient: a case study of NIST lightweight cryptography S-Boxes
title_fullStr	Transparency order versus confusion coefficient: a case study of NIST lightweight cryptography S-Boxes
title_full_unstemmed	Transparency order versus confusion coefficient: a case study of NIST lightweight cryptography S-Boxes
title_sort	transparency order versus confusion coefficient: a case study of nist lightweight cryptography s-boxes
publisher	SpringerOpen
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/b0b1d614f1d74b77ae41da453f7708d5
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_version_	1718442653320740864

Transparency order versus confusion coefficient: a case study of NIST lightweight cryptography S-Boxes

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