Progress of Signaling Pathways, Stress Pathways and Epigenetics in the Pathogenesis of Skeletal Fluorosis

Fluorine is widely dispersed in nature and has multiple physiological functions. Although it is usually regarded as an essential trace element for humans, this view is not held universally. Moreover, chronic fluorosis, mainly characterized by skeletal fluorosis, can be induced by long-term excessive...

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Autores principales:	Lichun Qiao, Xuan Liu, Yujie He, Jiaheng Zhang, Hao Huang, Wenming Bian, Mumba Mulutula Chilufya, Yan Zhao, Jing Han
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	skeletal fluorosis fluoride endemic disease signaling pathways epigenetics endoplasmic reticulum stress Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/b0ff03a379664d329b9ada7a9ff3146c
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:b0ff03a379664d329b9ada7a9ff3146c2021-11-11T17:21:21ZProgress of Signaling Pathways, Stress Pathways and Epigenetics in the Pathogenesis of Skeletal Fluorosis10.3390/ijms2221119321422-00671661-6596https://doaj.org/article/b0ff03a379664d329b9ada7a9ff3146c2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/11932https://doaj.org/toc/1661-6596https://doaj.org/toc/1422-0067Fluorine is widely dispersed in nature and has multiple physiological functions. Although it is usually regarded as an essential trace element for humans, this view is not held universally. Moreover, chronic fluorosis, mainly characterized by skeletal fluorosis, can be induced by long-term excessive fluoride consumption. High concentrations of fluoride in the environment and drinking water are major causes, and patients with skeletal fluorosis mainly present with symptoms of osteosclerosis, osteochondrosis, osteoporosis, and degenerative changes in joint cartilage. Etiologies for skeletal fluorosis have been established, but the specific pathogenesis is inconclusive. Currently, active osteogenesis and accelerated bone turnover are considered critical processes in the progression of skeletal fluorosis. In recent years, researchers have conducted extensive studies in fields of signaling pathways (Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, Hedgehog, parathyroid hormone, and insulin signaling pathways), stress pathways (oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways), epigenetics (DNA methylation and non-coding RNAs), and their inter-regulation involved in the pathogenesis of skeletal fluorosis. In this review, we summarised and analyzed relevant findings to provide a basis for comprehensive understandings of the pathogenesis of skeletal fluorosis and hopefully propose more effective prevention and therapeutic strategies.Lichun QiaoXuan LiuYujie HeJiaheng ZhangHao HuangWenming BianMumba Mulutula ChilufyaYan ZhaoJing HanMDPI AGarticleskeletal fluorosisfluorideendemic diseasesignaling pathwaysepigeneticsendoplasmic reticulum stressBiology (General)QH301-705.5ChemistryQD1-999ENInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 22, Iss 11932, p 11932 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	skeletal fluorosis fluoride endemic disease signaling pathways epigenetics endoplasmic reticulum stress Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	skeletal fluorosis fluoride endemic disease signaling pathways epigenetics endoplasmic reticulum stress Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999 Lichun Qiao Xuan Liu Yujie He Jiaheng Zhang Hao Huang Wenming Bian Mumba Mulutula Chilufya Yan Zhao Jing Han Progress of Signaling Pathways, Stress Pathways and Epigenetics in the Pathogenesis of Skeletal Fluorosis
description	Fluorine is widely dispersed in nature and has multiple physiological functions. Although it is usually regarded as an essential trace element for humans, this view is not held universally. Moreover, chronic fluorosis, mainly characterized by skeletal fluorosis, can be induced by long-term excessive fluoride consumption. High concentrations of fluoride in the environment and drinking water are major causes, and patients with skeletal fluorosis mainly present with symptoms of osteosclerosis, osteochondrosis, osteoporosis, and degenerative changes in joint cartilage. Etiologies for skeletal fluorosis have been established, but the specific pathogenesis is inconclusive. Currently, active osteogenesis and accelerated bone turnover are considered critical processes in the progression of skeletal fluorosis. In recent years, researchers have conducted extensive studies in fields of signaling pathways (Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, Hedgehog, parathyroid hormone, and insulin signaling pathways), stress pathways (oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways), epigenetics (DNA methylation and non-coding RNAs), and their inter-regulation involved in the pathogenesis of skeletal fluorosis. In this review, we summarised and analyzed relevant findings to provide a basis for comprehensive understandings of the pathogenesis of skeletal fluorosis and hopefully propose more effective prevention and therapeutic strategies.
format	article
author	Lichun Qiao Xuan Liu Yujie He Jiaheng Zhang Hao Huang Wenming Bian Mumba Mulutula Chilufya Yan Zhao Jing Han
author_facet	Lichun Qiao Xuan Liu Yujie He Jiaheng Zhang Hao Huang Wenming Bian Mumba Mulutula Chilufya Yan Zhao Jing Han
author_sort	Lichun Qiao
title	Progress of Signaling Pathways, Stress Pathways and Epigenetics in the Pathogenesis of Skeletal Fluorosis
title_short	Progress of Signaling Pathways, Stress Pathways and Epigenetics in the Pathogenesis of Skeletal Fluorosis
title_full	Progress of Signaling Pathways, Stress Pathways and Epigenetics in the Pathogenesis of Skeletal Fluorosis
title_fullStr	Progress of Signaling Pathways, Stress Pathways and Epigenetics in the Pathogenesis of Skeletal Fluorosis
title_full_unstemmed	Progress of Signaling Pathways, Stress Pathways and Epigenetics in the Pathogenesis of Skeletal Fluorosis
title_sort	progress of signaling pathways, stress pathways and epigenetics in the pathogenesis of skeletal fluorosis
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/b0ff03a379664d329b9ada7a9ff3146c
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_version_	1718432139313152000

Progress of Signaling Pathways, Stress Pathways and Epigenetics in the Pathogenesis of Skeletal Fluorosis

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