Deep neural networks based automated extraction of dugong feeding trails from UAV images in the intertidal seagrass beds.

Dugongs (Dugong dugon) are seagrass specialists distributed in shallow coastal waters in tropical and subtropical seas. The area and distribution of the dugongs' feeding trails, which are unvegetated winding tracks left after feeding, have been used as an indicator of their feeding ground utili...

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Autores principales:	Chiaki Yamato, Kotaro Ichikawa, Nobuaki Arai, Kotaro Tanaka, Takahiro Nishiyama, Kongkiat Kittiwattanawong
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/b10a09ff85584a549cbc2e7c9bac902b
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:b10a09ff85584a549cbc2e7c9bac902b2021-12-02T20:18:11ZDeep neural networks based automated extraction of dugong feeding trails from UAV images in the intertidal seagrass beds.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0255586https://doaj.org/article/b10a09ff85584a549cbc2e7c9bac902b2021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255586https://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203Dugongs (Dugong dugon) are seagrass specialists distributed in shallow coastal waters in tropical and subtropical seas. The area and distribution of the dugongs' feeding trails, which are unvegetated winding tracks left after feeding, have been used as an indicator of their feeding ground utilization. However, current ground-based measurements of these trails require a large amount of time and effort. Here, we developed effective methods to observe the dugongs' feeding trails using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images (1) by extracting the dugong feeding trails using deep neural networks. Furthermore, we demonstrated two applications as follows; (2) extraction of the daily new feeding trails with deep neural networks and (3) estimation the direction of the feeding trails. We obtained aerial photographs from the intertidal seagrass bed at Talibong Island, Trang Province, Thailand. The F1 scores, which are a measure of binary classification model's accuracy taking false positives and false negatives into account, for the method (1) were 89.5% and 87.7% for the images with ground sampling resolutions of 1 cm/pixel and 0.5 cm/pixel, respectively, while the F1 score for the method (2) was 61.9%. The F1 score for the method (1) was high enough to perform scientific studies on the dugong. However, the method (2) should be improved, and there remains a need for manual correction. The mean area of the extracted daily new feeding trails from September 12-27, 2019, was 187.8 m2 per day (n = 9). Total 63.9% of the feeding trails was estimated to have direction within a range of 112.5° and 157.5°. These proposed new methods will reduce the time and efforts required for future feeding trail observations and contribute to future assessments of the dugongs' seagrass habitat use.Chiaki YamatoKotaro IchikawaNobuaki AraiKotaro TanakaTakahiro NishiyamaKongkiat KittiwattanawongPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 8, p e0255586 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Chiaki Yamato Kotaro Ichikawa Nobuaki Arai Kotaro Tanaka Takahiro Nishiyama Kongkiat Kittiwattanawong Deep neural networks based automated extraction of dugong feeding trails from UAV images in the intertidal seagrass beds.
description	Dugongs (Dugong dugon) are seagrass specialists distributed in shallow coastal waters in tropical and subtropical seas. The area and distribution of the dugongs' feeding trails, which are unvegetated winding tracks left after feeding, have been used as an indicator of their feeding ground utilization. However, current ground-based measurements of these trails require a large amount of time and effort. Here, we developed effective methods to observe the dugongs' feeding trails using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images (1) by extracting the dugong feeding trails using deep neural networks. Furthermore, we demonstrated two applications as follows; (2) extraction of the daily new feeding trails with deep neural networks and (3) estimation the direction of the feeding trails. We obtained aerial photographs from the intertidal seagrass bed at Talibong Island, Trang Province, Thailand. The F1 scores, which are a measure of binary classification model's accuracy taking false positives and false negatives into account, for the method (1) were 89.5% and 87.7% for the images with ground sampling resolutions of 1 cm/pixel and 0.5 cm/pixel, respectively, while the F1 score for the method (2) was 61.9%. The F1 score for the method (1) was high enough to perform scientific studies on the dugong. However, the method (2) should be improved, and there remains a need for manual correction. The mean area of the extracted daily new feeding trails from September 12-27, 2019, was 187.8 m2 per day (n = 9). Total 63.9% of the feeding trails was estimated to have direction within a range of 112.5° and 157.5°. These proposed new methods will reduce the time and efforts required for future feeding trail observations and contribute to future assessments of the dugongs' seagrass habitat use.
format	article
author	Chiaki Yamato Kotaro Ichikawa Nobuaki Arai Kotaro Tanaka Takahiro Nishiyama Kongkiat Kittiwattanawong
author_facet	Chiaki Yamato Kotaro Ichikawa Nobuaki Arai Kotaro Tanaka Takahiro Nishiyama Kongkiat Kittiwattanawong
author_sort	Chiaki Yamato
title	Deep neural networks based automated extraction of dugong feeding trails from UAV images in the intertidal seagrass beds.
title_short	Deep neural networks based automated extraction of dugong feeding trails from UAV images in the intertidal seagrass beds.
title_full	Deep neural networks based automated extraction of dugong feeding trails from UAV images in the intertidal seagrass beds.
title_fullStr	Deep neural networks based automated extraction of dugong feeding trails from UAV images in the intertidal seagrass beds.
title_full_unstemmed	Deep neural networks based automated extraction of dugong feeding trails from UAV images in the intertidal seagrass beds.
title_sort	deep neural networks based automated extraction of dugong feeding trails from uav images in the intertidal seagrass beds.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/b10a09ff85584a549cbc2e7c9bac902b
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Deep neural networks based automated extraction of dugong feeding trails from UAV images in the intertidal seagrass beds.

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