Hepato-renal toxicity of Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Myristicaceae) seed extracts in rats

Objectives: Myristica fragrans is used in many parts of the world as a common spice and herbal medicine for managing a wide variety of ailments. The rich nutritional factors in M. fragrans seeds show potential application in food biofortification; however, the long-term safety of using a high dose o...

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Autores principales:	Emeka Godwin Anaduaka, Innocent Uzochukwu Okagu, Nene Orizu Uchendu, Lawrence Uchenna Sunday Ezeanyika, Benneth Chima Nwanguma
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Elsevier 2022
Materias:	Spices Myristica fragrans Toxicity Renotoxic Hepatotoxic Histology Science (General) Q1-390
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/b1146afbf81945db98148eb4cc5b025f
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:b1146afbf81945db98148eb4cc5b025f2021-11-22T04:18:42ZHepato-renal toxicity of Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Myristicaceae) seed extracts in rats1018-364710.1016/j.jksus.2021.101694https://doaj.org/article/b1146afbf81945db98148eb4cc5b025f2022-01-01T00:00:00Zhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1018364721003566https://doaj.org/toc/1018-3647Objectives: Myristica fragrans is used in many parts of the world as a common spice and herbal medicine for managing a wide variety of ailments. The rich nutritional factors in M. fragrans seeds show potential application in food biofortification; however, the long-term safety of using a high dose of the seeds needs to be validated. This study seeks to investigate how oral administration of high doses of methanol (ME) and n-hexane (NHE) extracts of M. fragrans seed for one or two weeks affects the histology and serum markers of kidney and liver of rats. Methods: Adult male Swiss mice (6–7 weeks, 20–30 g) were used for acute toxicity study by standard methods, while male Wistar rats (6–8 weeks, 100–120 g) were used for sub-acute toxicity test. The sixty rats were distributed into five groups of 12 rats each: Group 1 received normal saline, groups 2 and 3 were orally treated with 500 and 1000 mg/kg b.w/day ME while groups 4 and 5 were fed 500 and 1000 mg/kg b.w/day NHE, respectively for 14 days. Six rats from each group were sacrificed on days 8 and 15 after 24 h of fasting. Markers of kidney and liver status of test and control animals were compared using one-way analysis of variance. Results: The presence of terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, steroids, and tannins were detected in both extracts, although at varying levels. There was no obvious sign of toxicity nor mortality in acute toxicity test after 24 h of administration of extracts up to 5000 mg/kg b.w. However, there were significant (p < 0.5) elevations in urea, total bilirubin and creatinine concentrations, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate and alanine aminotransferases, and lactate dehydrogenase activities in rats fed extracts for seven or fourteen days relative to control. Furthermore, the n-hexane extract at 1000 mg/kg elicited some histological changes consistent with hepatotoxicity. Conclusions: Although the extracts were rich in some essential phytochemicals, this study demonstrated that long-term administration of high doses of the extracts elicits hepato-renal toxicities. Hence, consuming a large amount of the seed over a long duration is discouraged.Emeka Godwin AnaduakaInnocent Uzochukwu OkaguNene Orizu UchenduLawrence Uchenna Sunday EzeanyikaBenneth Chima NwangumaElsevierarticleSpicesMyristica fragransToxicityRenotoxicHepatotoxicHistologyScience (General)Q1-390ENJournal of King Saud University: Science, Vol 34, Iss 1, Pp 101694- (2022)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Spices Myristica fragrans Toxicity Renotoxic Hepatotoxic Histology Science (General) Q1-390
spellingShingle	Spices Myristica fragrans Toxicity Renotoxic Hepatotoxic Histology Science (General) Q1-390 Emeka Godwin Anaduaka Innocent Uzochukwu Okagu Nene Orizu Uchendu Lawrence Uchenna Sunday Ezeanyika Benneth Chima Nwanguma Hepato-renal toxicity of Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Myristicaceae) seed extracts in rats
description	Objectives: Myristica fragrans is used in many parts of the world as a common spice and herbal medicine for managing a wide variety of ailments. The rich nutritional factors in M. fragrans seeds show potential application in food biofortification; however, the long-term safety of using a high dose of the seeds needs to be validated. This study seeks to investigate how oral administration of high doses of methanol (ME) and n-hexane (NHE) extracts of M. fragrans seed for one or two weeks affects the histology and serum markers of kidney and liver of rats. Methods: Adult male Swiss mice (6–7 weeks, 20–30 g) were used for acute toxicity study by standard methods, while male Wistar rats (6–8 weeks, 100–120 g) were used for sub-acute toxicity test. The sixty rats were distributed into five groups of 12 rats each: Group 1 received normal saline, groups 2 and 3 were orally treated with 500 and 1000 mg/kg b.w/day ME while groups 4 and 5 were fed 500 and 1000 mg/kg b.w/day NHE, respectively for 14 days. Six rats from each group were sacrificed on days 8 and 15 after 24 h of fasting. Markers of kidney and liver status of test and control animals were compared using one-way analysis of variance. Results: The presence of terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, steroids, and tannins were detected in both extracts, although at varying levels. There was no obvious sign of toxicity nor mortality in acute toxicity test after 24 h of administration of extracts up to 5000 mg/kg b.w. However, there were significant (p < 0.5) elevations in urea, total bilirubin and creatinine concentrations, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate and alanine aminotransferases, and lactate dehydrogenase activities in rats fed extracts for seven or fourteen days relative to control. Furthermore, the n-hexane extract at 1000 mg/kg elicited some histological changes consistent with hepatotoxicity. Conclusions: Although the extracts were rich in some essential phytochemicals, this study demonstrated that long-term administration of high doses of the extracts elicits hepato-renal toxicities. Hence, consuming a large amount of the seed over a long duration is discouraged.
format	article
author	Emeka Godwin Anaduaka Innocent Uzochukwu Okagu Nene Orizu Uchendu Lawrence Uchenna Sunday Ezeanyika Benneth Chima Nwanguma
author_facet	Emeka Godwin Anaduaka Innocent Uzochukwu Okagu Nene Orizu Uchendu Lawrence Uchenna Sunday Ezeanyika Benneth Chima Nwanguma
author_sort	Emeka Godwin Anaduaka
title	Hepato-renal toxicity of Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Myristicaceae) seed extracts in rats
title_short	Hepato-renal toxicity of Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Myristicaceae) seed extracts in rats
title_full	Hepato-renal toxicity of Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Myristicaceae) seed extracts in rats
title_fullStr	Hepato-renal toxicity of Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Myristicaceae) seed extracts in rats
title_full_unstemmed	Hepato-renal toxicity of Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Myristicaceae) seed extracts in rats
title_sort	hepato-renal toxicity of myristica fragrans houtt. (myristicaceae) seed extracts in rats
publisher	Elsevier
publishDate	2022
url	https://doaj.org/article/b1146afbf81945db98148eb4cc5b025f
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Hepato-renal toxicity of Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Myristicaceae) seed extracts in rats

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