Pathophysiological Molecular Mechanisms of Obesity: A Link between MAFLD and NASH with Cardiovascular Diseases

Obesity is now a worldwide epidemic ensuing an increase in comorbidities’ prevalence, such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes (T2D), metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), hypertension, cardiovascular disease (CVD), autoimmune diseases,...

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Autores principales:	Jorge Gutiérrez-Cuevas, Arturo Santos, Juan Armendariz-Borunda
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	obesity comorbidities of obesity metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease nonalcoholic steatohepatitis cardiovascular diseases insulin resistance Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/b17b49317c604168b0411ac00f64fc26
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:b17b49317c604168b0411ac00f64fc262021-11-11T17:06:25ZPathophysiological Molecular Mechanisms of Obesity: A Link between MAFLD and NASH with Cardiovascular Diseases10.3390/ijms2221116291422-00671661-6596https://doaj.org/article/b17b49317c604168b0411ac00f64fc262021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/11629https://doaj.org/toc/1661-6596https://doaj.org/toc/1422-0067Obesity is now a worldwide epidemic ensuing an increase in comorbidities’ prevalence, such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes (T2D), metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), hypertension, cardiovascular disease (CVD), autoimmune diseases, and some cancers, CVD being one of the main causes of death in the world. Several studies provide evidence for an association between MAFLD and atherosclerosis and cardio-metabolic disorders, including CVDs such as coronary heart disease and stroke. Therefore, the combination of MAFLD/NASH is associated with vascular risk and CVD progression, but the underlying mechanisms linking MAFLD/NASH and CVD are still under investigation. Several underlying mechanisms may probably be involved, including hepatic/systemic insulin resistance, atherogenic dyslipidemia, hypertension, as well as pro-atherogenic, pro-coagulant, and pro-inflammatory mediators released from the steatotic/inflamed liver. MAFLD is strongly associated with insulin resistance, which is involved in its pathogenesis and progression to NASH. Insulin resistance is a major cardiovascular risk factor in subjects without diabetes. However, T2D has been considered the most common link between MAFLD/NASH and CVD. This review summarizes the evidence linking obesity with MAFLD, NASH, and CVD, considering the pathophysiological molecular mechanisms involved in these diseases. We also discuss the association of MAFLD and NASH with the development and progression of CVD, including structural and functional cardiac alterations, and pharmacological strategies to treat MAFLD/NASH and cardiovascular prevention.Jorge Gutiérrez-CuevasArturo SantosJuan Armendariz-BorundaMDPI AGarticleobesitycomorbidities of obesitymetabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver diseasenonalcoholic steatohepatitiscardiovascular diseasesinsulin resistanceBiology (General)QH301-705.5ChemistryQD1-999ENInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 22, Iss 11629, p 11629 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	obesity comorbidities of obesity metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease nonalcoholic steatohepatitis cardiovascular diseases insulin resistance Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	obesity comorbidities of obesity metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease nonalcoholic steatohepatitis cardiovascular diseases insulin resistance Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999 Jorge Gutiérrez-Cuevas Arturo Santos Juan Armendariz-Borunda Pathophysiological Molecular Mechanisms of Obesity: A Link between MAFLD and NASH with Cardiovascular Diseases
description	Obesity is now a worldwide epidemic ensuing an increase in comorbidities’ prevalence, such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes (T2D), metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), hypertension, cardiovascular disease (CVD), autoimmune diseases, and some cancers, CVD being one of the main causes of death in the world. Several studies provide evidence for an association between MAFLD and atherosclerosis and cardio-metabolic disorders, including CVDs such as coronary heart disease and stroke. Therefore, the combination of MAFLD/NASH is associated with vascular risk and CVD progression, but the underlying mechanisms linking MAFLD/NASH and CVD are still under investigation. Several underlying mechanisms may probably be involved, including hepatic/systemic insulin resistance, atherogenic dyslipidemia, hypertension, as well as pro-atherogenic, pro-coagulant, and pro-inflammatory mediators released from the steatotic/inflamed liver. MAFLD is strongly associated with insulin resistance, which is involved in its pathogenesis and progression to NASH. Insulin resistance is a major cardiovascular risk factor in subjects without diabetes. However, T2D has been considered the most common link between MAFLD/NASH and CVD. This review summarizes the evidence linking obesity with MAFLD, NASH, and CVD, considering the pathophysiological molecular mechanisms involved in these diseases. We also discuss the association of MAFLD and NASH with the development and progression of CVD, including structural and functional cardiac alterations, and pharmacological strategies to treat MAFLD/NASH and cardiovascular prevention.
format	article
author	Jorge Gutiérrez-Cuevas Arturo Santos Juan Armendariz-Borunda
author_facet	Jorge Gutiérrez-Cuevas Arturo Santos Juan Armendariz-Borunda
author_sort	Jorge Gutiérrez-Cuevas
title	Pathophysiological Molecular Mechanisms of Obesity: A Link between MAFLD and NASH with Cardiovascular Diseases
title_short	Pathophysiological Molecular Mechanisms of Obesity: A Link between MAFLD and NASH with Cardiovascular Diseases
title_full	Pathophysiological Molecular Mechanisms of Obesity: A Link between MAFLD and NASH with Cardiovascular Diseases
title_fullStr	Pathophysiological Molecular Mechanisms of Obesity: A Link between MAFLD and NASH with Cardiovascular Diseases
title_full_unstemmed	Pathophysiological Molecular Mechanisms of Obesity: A Link between MAFLD and NASH with Cardiovascular Diseases
title_sort	pathophysiological molecular mechanisms of obesity: a link between mafld and nash with cardiovascular diseases
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/b17b49317c604168b0411ac00f64fc26
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Pathophysiological Molecular Mechanisms of Obesity: A Link between MAFLD and NASH with Cardiovascular Diseases

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