Pituitary–Adrenal Responses and Glucocorticoid Receptor Expression in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19

The hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis was described as the principal component of the stress response 85 years ago, along with the acute-phase reaction, and the defense response at the tissue level. The orchestration of these processes is essential since systemic inflammation is a double-edg...

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Autores principales:	Dimitra A. Vassiliadi, Alice G. Vassiliou, Ioannis Ilias, Stylianos Tsagarakis, Anastasia Kotanidou, Ioanna Dimopoulou
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	HPA GCR COVID-19 critical illness Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/b1856c5e2ac64392b1aa68e6dce405d3
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:b1856c5e2ac64392b1aa68e6dce405d32021-11-11T16:56:17ZPituitary–Adrenal Responses and Glucocorticoid Receptor Expression in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-1910.3390/ijms2221114731422-00671661-6596https://doaj.org/article/b1856c5e2ac64392b1aa68e6dce405d32021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/11473https://doaj.org/toc/1661-6596https://doaj.org/toc/1422-0067The hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis was described as the principal component of the stress response 85 years ago, along with the acute-phase reaction, and the defense response at the tissue level. The orchestration of these processes is essential since systemic inflammation is a double-edged sword; whereas inflammation that is timely and of appropriate magnitude is beneficial, exuberant systemic inflammation incites tissue damage with potentially devastating consequences. Apart from its beneficial cardiovascular and metabolic effects, cortisol exerts a significant immunoregulatory role, a major attribute being that it restrains the excessive inflammatory reaction, thereby preventing unwanted tissue damage. In this review, we will discuss the role of the HPA axis in the normal stress response and in critical illness, especially in critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Finally, a chapter will be dedicated to the findings from clinical studies in critical illness and COVID-19 on the expression of the mediator of glucocorticoid actions, the glucocorticoid receptor (GCR).Dimitra A. VassiliadiAlice G. VassiliouIoannis IliasStylianos TsagarakisAnastasia KotanidouIoanna DimopoulouMDPI AGarticleHPAGCRCOVID-19critical illnessBiology (General)QH301-705.5ChemistryQD1-999ENInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 22, Iss 11473, p 11473 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	HPA GCR COVID-19 critical illness Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	HPA GCR COVID-19 critical illness Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999 Dimitra A. Vassiliadi Alice G. Vassiliou Ioannis Ilias Stylianos Tsagarakis Anastasia Kotanidou Ioanna Dimopoulou Pituitary–Adrenal Responses and Glucocorticoid Receptor Expression in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19
description	The hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis was described as the principal component of the stress response 85 years ago, along with the acute-phase reaction, and the defense response at the tissue level. The orchestration of these processes is essential since systemic inflammation is a double-edged sword; whereas inflammation that is timely and of appropriate magnitude is beneficial, exuberant systemic inflammation incites tissue damage with potentially devastating consequences. Apart from its beneficial cardiovascular and metabolic effects, cortisol exerts a significant immunoregulatory role, a major attribute being that it restrains the excessive inflammatory reaction, thereby preventing unwanted tissue damage. In this review, we will discuss the role of the HPA axis in the normal stress response and in critical illness, especially in critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Finally, a chapter will be dedicated to the findings from clinical studies in critical illness and COVID-19 on the expression of the mediator of glucocorticoid actions, the glucocorticoid receptor (GCR).
format	article
author	Dimitra A. Vassiliadi Alice G. Vassiliou Ioannis Ilias Stylianos Tsagarakis Anastasia Kotanidou Ioanna Dimopoulou
author_facet	Dimitra A. Vassiliadi Alice G. Vassiliou Ioannis Ilias Stylianos Tsagarakis Anastasia Kotanidou Ioanna Dimopoulou
author_sort	Dimitra A. Vassiliadi
title	Pituitary–Adrenal Responses and Glucocorticoid Receptor Expression in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19
title_short	Pituitary–Adrenal Responses and Glucocorticoid Receptor Expression in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19
title_full	Pituitary–Adrenal Responses and Glucocorticoid Receptor Expression in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19
title_fullStr	Pituitary–Adrenal Responses and Glucocorticoid Receptor Expression in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19
title_full_unstemmed	Pituitary–Adrenal Responses and Glucocorticoid Receptor Expression in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19
title_sort	pituitary–adrenal responses and glucocorticoid receptor expression in critically ill patients with covid-19
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/b1856c5e2ac64392b1aa68e6dce405d3
work_keys_str_mv	AT dimitraavassiliadi pituitaryadrenalresponsesandglucocorticoidreceptorexpressionincriticallyillpatientswithcovid19 AT alicegvassiliou pituitaryadrenalresponsesandglucocorticoidreceptorexpressionincriticallyillpatientswithcovid19 AT ioannisilias pituitaryadrenalresponsesandglucocorticoidreceptorexpressionincriticallyillpatientswithcovid19 AT stylianostsagarakis pituitaryadrenalresponsesandglucocorticoidreceptorexpressionincriticallyillpatientswithcovid19 AT anastasiakotanidou pituitaryadrenalresponsesandglucocorticoidreceptorexpressionincriticallyillpatientswithcovid19 AT ioannadimopoulou pituitaryadrenalresponsesandglucocorticoidreceptorexpressionincriticallyillpatientswithcovid19
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Pituitary–Adrenal Responses and Glucocorticoid Receptor Expression in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19

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