Permanent Thermal and Chemical Stratification in a Restored Urban Meromictic Lake

Meromictic lakes are unique aquatic ecosystems that occur extremely rarely. The phenomenon of meromixis can result from both natural and anthropogenic factors. The aim of this study was to analyse thermal and chemical stratification in a small, deep (6 ha, H max = 24.5 m) lake. The evaluated lake ha...

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Autores principales:	Renata Tandyrak, Jolanta Katarzyna Grochowska, Renata Augustyniak, Michał Łopata
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	lake meromixis monimolimnion chemocline Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/b19244b1234d4972b275abb8da0fc2e6
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id	oai:doaj.org-article:b19244b1234d4972b275abb8da0fc2e6
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:b19244b1234d4972b275abb8da0fc2e62021-11-11T19:53:22ZPermanent Thermal and Chemical Stratification in a Restored Urban Meromictic Lake10.3390/w132129792073-4441https://doaj.org/article/b19244b1234d4972b275abb8da0fc2e62021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/21/2979https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4441Meromictic lakes are unique aquatic ecosystems that occur extremely rarely. The phenomenon of meromixis can result from both natural and anthropogenic factors. The aim of this study was to analyse thermal and chemical stratification in a small, deep (6 ha, H max = 24.5 m) lake. The evaluated lake had a typical summer thermal profile with a shallow epilimnion, a sharp thermocline, and a distinct monimolimnion layer in the hypolimnion, which was also maintained during circulation. The lake had a clinograde oxygen profile, with an oxygen deficit in the metalimnion and permanent anoxic conditions in the deeper layers, including during circulation. A redox zone was identified during summer stagnation. The monimolimnion formed a thermally isolated layer at a depth of around 15 m, and the chemocline was situated above the monimolimnion. In the chemocline, the EC gradient ranged from 61 to 77 μS·cm<sup>−1</sup> per meter of depth in the summer and from 90 to 130 μS·cm<sup>−1</sup> per meter of depth during circulation. EC was significantly correlated with Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentration (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.549). Chemical stratification, particularly with regard to organic matter distribution, was observed in the chemocline. The monimolimnion severely limited nutrient internal loading.Renata TandyrakJolanta Katarzyna GrochowskaRenata AugustyniakMichał ŁopataMDPI AGarticlelakemeromixismonimolimnionchemoclineHydraulic engineeringTC1-978Water supply for domestic and industrial purposesTD201-500ENWater, Vol 13, Iss 2979, p 2979 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	lake meromixis monimolimnion chemocline Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500
spellingShingle	lake meromixis monimolimnion chemocline Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500 Renata Tandyrak Jolanta Katarzyna Grochowska Renata Augustyniak Michał Łopata Permanent Thermal and Chemical Stratification in a Restored Urban Meromictic Lake
description	Meromictic lakes are unique aquatic ecosystems that occur extremely rarely. The phenomenon of meromixis can result from both natural and anthropogenic factors. The aim of this study was to analyse thermal and chemical stratification in a small, deep (6 ha, H max = 24.5 m) lake. The evaluated lake had a typical summer thermal profile with a shallow epilimnion, a sharp thermocline, and a distinct monimolimnion layer in the hypolimnion, which was also maintained during circulation. The lake had a clinograde oxygen profile, with an oxygen deficit in the metalimnion and permanent anoxic conditions in the deeper layers, including during circulation. A redox zone was identified during summer stagnation. The monimolimnion formed a thermally isolated layer at a depth of around 15 m, and the chemocline was situated above the monimolimnion. In the chemocline, the EC gradient ranged from 61 to 77 μS·cm<sup>−1</sup> per meter of depth in the summer and from 90 to 130 μS·cm<sup>−1</sup> per meter of depth during circulation. EC was significantly correlated with Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentration (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.549). Chemical stratification, particularly with regard to organic matter distribution, was observed in the chemocline. The monimolimnion severely limited nutrient internal loading.
format	article
author	Renata Tandyrak Jolanta Katarzyna Grochowska Renata Augustyniak Michał Łopata
author_facet	Renata Tandyrak Jolanta Katarzyna Grochowska Renata Augustyniak Michał Łopata
author_sort	Renata Tandyrak
title	Permanent Thermal and Chemical Stratification in a Restored Urban Meromictic Lake
title_short	Permanent Thermal and Chemical Stratification in a Restored Urban Meromictic Lake
title_full	Permanent Thermal and Chemical Stratification in a Restored Urban Meromictic Lake
title_fullStr	Permanent Thermal and Chemical Stratification in a Restored Urban Meromictic Lake
title_full_unstemmed	Permanent Thermal and Chemical Stratification in a Restored Urban Meromictic Lake
title_sort	permanent thermal and chemical stratification in a restored urban meromictic lake
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/b19244b1234d4972b275abb8da0fc2e6
work_keys_str_mv	AT renatatandyrak permanentthermalandchemicalstratificationinarestoredurbanmeromicticlake AT jolantakatarzynagrochowska permanentthermalandchemicalstratificationinarestoredurbanmeromicticlake AT renataaugustyniak permanentthermalandchemicalstratificationinarestoredurbanmeromicticlake AT michałłopata permanentthermalandchemicalstratificationinarestoredurbanmeromicticlake
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Permanent Thermal and Chemical Stratification in a Restored Urban Meromictic Lake

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