First investigation of the microbiology of the deepest layer of ocean crust.

The gabbroic layer comprises the majority of ocean crust. Opportunities to sample this expansive crustal environment are rare because of the technological demands of deep ocean drilling; thus, gabbroic microbial communities have not yet been studied. During the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expe...

Descripción completa

Guardado en:

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales:	Olivia U Mason, Tatsunori Nakagawa, Martin Rosner, Joy D Van Nostrand, Jizhong Zhou, Akihiko Maruyama, Martin R Fisk, Stephen J Giovannoni
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2010
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/b2bfc91f3e40459797d2c52dcd57a50a
Etiquetas:	Agregar Etiqueta Sin Etiquetas, Sea el primero en etiquetar este registro!

id	oai:doaj.org-article:b2bfc91f3e40459797d2c52dcd57a50a
record_format	dspace
spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:b2bfc91f3e40459797d2c52dcd57a50a2021-11-18T07:02:27ZFirst investigation of the microbiology of the deepest layer of ocean crust.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0015399https://doaj.org/article/b2bfc91f3e40459797d2c52dcd57a50a2010-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/21079766/pdf/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203The gabbroic layer comprises the majority of ocean crust. Opportunities to sample this expansive crustal environment are rare because of the technological demands of deep ocean drilling; thus, gabbroic microbial communities have not yet been studied. During the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expeditions 304 and 305, igneous rock samples were collected from 0.45-1391.01 meters below seafloor at Hole 1309D, located on the Atlantis Massif (30 °N, 42 °W). Microbial diversity in the rocks was analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and sequencing (Expedition 304), and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism, cloning and sequencing, and functional gene microarray analysis (Expedition 305). The gabbroic microbial community was relatively depauperate, consisting of a low diversity of proteobacterial lineages closely related to Bacteria from hydrocarbon-dominated environments and to known hydrocarbon degraders, and there was little evidence of Archaea. Functional gene diversity in the gabbroic samples was analyzed with a microarray for metabolic genes ("GeoChip"), producing further evidence of genomic potential for hydrocarbon degradation--genes for aerobic methane and toluene oxidation. Genes coding for anaerobic respirations, such as nitrate reduction, sulfate reduction, and metal reduction, as well as genes for carbon fixation, nitrogen fixation, and ammonium-oxidation, were also present. Our results suggest that the gabbroic layer hosts a microbial community that can degrade hydrocarbons and fix carbon and nitrogen, and has the potential to employ a diversity of non-oxygen electron acceptors. This rare glimpse of the gabbroic ecosystem provides further support for the recent finding of hydrocarbons in deep ocean gabbro from Hole 1309D. It has been hypothesized that these hydrocarbons might originate abiotically from serpentinization reactions that are occurring deep in the Earth's crust, raising the possibility that the lithic microbial community reported here might utilize carbon sources produced independently of the surface biosphere.Olivia U MasonTatsunori NakagawaMartin RosnerJoy D Van NostrandJizhong ZhouAkihiko MaruyamaMartin R FiskStephen J GiovannoniPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 5, Iss 11, p e15399 (2010)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Olivia U Mason Tatsunori Nakagawa Martin Rosner Joy D Van Nostrand Jizhong Zhou Akihiko Maruyama Martin R Fisk Stephen J Giovannoni First investigation of the microbiology of the deepest layer of ocean crust.
description	The gabbroic layer comprises the majority of ocean crust. Opportunities to sample this expansive crustal environment are rare because of the technological demands of deep ocean drilling; thus, gabbroic microbial communities have not yet been studied. During the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expeditions 304 and 305, igneous rock samples were collected from 0.45-1391.01 meters below seafloor at Hole 1309D, located on the Atlantis Massif (30 °N, 42 °W). Microbial diversity in the rocks was analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and sequencing (Expedition 304), and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism, cloning and sequencing, and functional gene microarray analysis (Expedition 305). The gabbroic microbial community was relatively depauperate, consisting of a low diversity of proteobacterial lineages closely related to Bacteria from hydrocarbon-dominated environments and to known hydrocarbon degraders, and there was little evidence of Archaea. Functional gene diversity in the gabbroic samples was analyzed with a microarray for metabolic genes ("GeoChip"), producing further evidence of genomic potential for hydrocarbon degradation--genes for aerobic methane and toluene oxidation. Genes coding for anaerobic respirations, such as nitrate reduction, sulfate reduction, and metal reduction, as well as genes for carbon fixation, nitrogen fixation, and ammonium-oxidation, were also present. Our results suggest that the gabbroic layer hosts a microbial community that can degrade hydrocarbons and fix carbon and nitrogen, and has the potential to employ a diversity of non-oxygen electron acceptors. This rare glimpse of the gabbroic ecosystem provides further support for the recent finding of hydrocarbons in deep ocean gabbro from Hole 1309D. It has been hypothesized that these hydrocarbons might originate abiotically from serpentinization reactions that are occurring deep in the Earth's crust, raising the possibility that the lithic microbial community reported here might utilize carbon sources produced independently of the surface biosphere.
format	article
author	Olivia U Mason Tatsunori Nakagawa Martin Rosner Joy D Van Nostrand Jizhong Zhou Akihiko Maruyama Martin R Fisk Stephen J Giovannoni
author_facet	Olivia U Mason Tatsunori Nakagawa Martin Rosner Joy D Van Nostrand Jizhong Zhou Akihiko Maruyama Martin R Fisk Stephen J Giovannoni
author_sort	Olivia U Mason
title	First investigation of the microbiology of the deepest layer of ocean crust.
title_short	First investigation of the microbiology of the deepest layer of ocean crust.
title_full	First investigation of the microbiology of the deepest layer of ocean crust.
title_fullStr	First investigation of the microbiology of the deepest layer of ocean crust.
title_full_unstemmed	First investigation of the microbiology of the deepest layer of ocean crust.
title_sort	first investigation of the microbiology of the deepest layer of ocean crust.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2010
url	https://doaj.org/article/b2bfc91f3e40459797d2c52dcd57a50a
work_keys_str_mv	AT oliviaumason firstinvestigationofthemicrobiologyofthedeepestlayerofoceancrust AT tatsunorinakagawa firstinvestigationofthemicrobiologyofthedeepestlayerofoceancrust AT martinrosner firstinvestigationofthemicrobiologyofthedeepestlayerofoceancrust AT joydvannostrand firstinvestigationofthemicrobiologyofthedeepestlayerofoceancrust AT jizhongzhou firstinvestigationofthemicrobiologyofthedeepestlayerofoceancrust AT akihikomaruyama firstinvestigationofthemicrobiologyofthedeepestlayerofoceancrust AT martinrfisk firstinvestigationofthemicrobiologyofthedeepestlayerofoceancrust AT stephenjgiovannoni firstinvestigationofthemicrobiologyofthedeepestlayerofoceancrust
_version_	1718424064641466368

First investigation of the microbiology of the deepest layer of ocean crust.

Ejemplares similares