Noninvasive Detection of Respiratory Disorder Due to COVID-19 at the Early Stages in Saudi Arabia

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has suffered from COVID-19 disease as part of the global pandemic due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The economy of Saudi Arabia also suffered a heavy impact. Several measures were taken to help mitigate its impact and stimulate the economy. In this c...

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Autores principales:	Wadii Boulila, Syed Aziz Shah, Jawad Ahmad, Maha Driss, Hamza Ghandorh, Abdullah Alsaeedi, Mohammed Al-Sarem, Faisal Saeed
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	COVID-19 patient monitoring WiFi sensing for respiratory monitoring privacy preservation activities of daily living Electronics TK7800-8360
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/b2fff3155d6d4725a4be84223f42c671
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id	oai:doaj.org-article:b2fff3155d6d4725a4be84223f42c671
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:b2fff3155d6d4725a4be84223f42c6712021-11-11T15:41:41ZNoninvasive Detection of Respiratory Disorder Due to COVID-19 at the Early Stages in Saudi Arabia10.3390/electronics102127012079-9292https://doaj.org/article/b2fff3155d6d4725a4be84223f42c6712021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/10/21/2701https://doaj.org/toc/2079-9292The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has suffered from COVID-19 disease as part of the global pandemic due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The economy of Saudi Arabia also suffered a heavy impact. Several measures were taken to help mitigate its impact and stimulate the economy. In this context, we present a safe and secure WiFi-sensing-based COVID-19 monitoring system exploiting commercially available low-cost wireless devices that can be deployed in different indoor settings within Saudi Arabia. We extracted different activities of daily living and respiratory rates from ubiquitous WiFi signals in terms of channel state information (CSI) and secured them from unauthorized access through permutation and diffusion with multiple substitution boxes using chaos theory. The experiments were performed on healthy participants. We used the variances of the amplitude information of the CSI data and evaluated their security using several security parameters such as the correlation coefficient, mean-squared error (MSE), peak-signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), entropy, number of pixel change rate (NPCR), and unified average change intensity (UACI). These security metrics, for example, lower correlation and higher entropy, indicate stronger security of the proposed encryption method. Moreover, the NPCR and UACI values were higher than 99% and 30, respectively, which also confirmed the security strength of the encrypted information.Wadii BoulilaSyed Aziz ShahJawad AhmadMaha DrissHamza GhandorhAbdullah AlsaeediMohammed Al-SaremFaisal SaeedMDPI AGarticleCOVID-19 patient monitoringWiFi sensing for respiratory monitoringprivacy preservationactivities of daily livingElectronicsTK7800-8360ENElectronics, Vol 10, Iss 2701, p 2701 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	COVID-19 patient monitoring WiFi sensing for respiratory monitoring privacy preservation activities of daily living Electronics TK7800-8360
spellingShingle	COVID-19 patient monitoring WiFi sensing for respiratory monitoring privacy preservation activities of daily living Electronics TK7800-8360 Wadii Boulila Syed Aziz Shah Jawad Ahmad Maha Driss Hamza Ghandorh Abdullah Alsaeedi Mohammed Al-Sarem Faisal Saeed Noninvasive Detection of Respiratory Disorder Due to COVID-19 at the Early Stages in Saudi Arabia
description	The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has suffered from COVID-19 disease as part of the global pandemic due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The economy of Saudi Arabia also suffered a heavy impact. Several measures were taken to help mitigate its impact and stimulate the economy. In this context, we present a safe and secure WiFi-sensing-based COVID-19 monitoring system exploiting commercially available low-cost wireless devices that can be deployed in different indoor settings within Saudi Arabia. We extracted different activities of daily living and respiratory rates from ubiquitous WiFi signals in terms of channel state information (CSI) and secured them from unauthorized access through permutation and diffusion with multiple substitution boxes using chaos theory. The experiments were performed on healthy participants. We used the variances of the amplitude information of the CSI data and evaluated their security using several security parameters such as the correlation coefficient, mean-squared error (MSE), peak-signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), entropy, number of pixel change rate (NPCR), and unified average change intensity (UACI). These security metrics, for example, lower correlation and higher entropy, indicate stronger security of the proposed encryption method. Moreover, the NPCR and UACI values were higher than 99% and 30, respectively, which also confirmed the security strength of the encrypted information.
format	article
author	Wadii Boulila Syed Aziz Shah Jawad Ahmad Maha Driss Hamza Ghandorh Abdullah Alsaeedi Mohammed Al-Sarem Faisal Saeed
author_facet	Wadii Boulila Syed Aziz Shah Jawad Ahmad Maha Driss Hamza Ghandorh Abdullah Alsaeedi Mohammed Al-Sarem Faisal Saeed
author_sort	Wadii Boulila
title	Noninvasive Detection of Respiratory Disorder Due to COVID-19 at the Early Stages in Saudi Arabia
title_short	Noninvasive Detection of Respiratory Disorder Due to COVID-19 at the Early Stages in Saudi Arabia
title_full	Noninvasive Detection of Respiratory Disorder Due to COVID-19 at the Early Stages in Saudi Arabia
title_fullStr	Noninvasive Detection of Respiratory Disorder Due to COVID-19 at the Early Stages in Saudi Arabia
title_full_unstemmed	Noninvasive Detection of Respiratory Disorder Due to COVID-19 at the Early Stages in Saudi Arabia
title_sort	noninvasive detection of respiratory disorder due to covid-19 at the early stages in saudi arabia
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/b2fff3155d6d4725a4be84223f42c671
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Noninvasive Detection of Respiratory Disorder Due to COVID-19 at the Early Stages in Saudi Arabia

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