Wind Waves in the Mediterranean Sea: An ERA5 Reanalysis Wind-Based Climatology

A climatology of the wind waves in the Mediterranean Sea is presented. The climate patterns, their spatio-temporal variability and change are based on a 40-year (1980–2019) wave hindcast, obtained by combining the ERA5 reanalysis wind forcing with the state-of-the-art WAVEWATCH III spectral wave mod...

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Autores principales:	Francesco Barbariol, Silvio Davison, Francesco Marcello Falcieri, Rossella Ferretti, Antonio Ricchi, Mauro Sclavo, Alvise Benetazzo
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	wave climate Mediterranean Sea ERA5 maximum waves climate indices climate trends Science Q General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution QH1-199.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/b393a234db234052a9c7f5666191f6fa
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:b393a234db234052a9c7f5666191f6fa2021-11-16T15:54:00ZWind Waves in the Mediterranean Sea: An ERA5 Reanalysis Wind-Based Climatology2296-774510.3389/fmars.2021.760614https://doaj.org/article/b393a234db234052a9c7f5666191f6fa2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.760614/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/2296-7745A climatology of the wind waves in the Mediterranean Sea is presented. The climate patterns, their spatio-temporal variability and change are based on a 40-year (1980–2019) wave hindcast, obtained by combining the ERA5 reanalysis wind forcing with the state-of-the-art WAVEWATCH III spectral wave model and verified against satellite altimetry. Results are presented for the typical (50th percentile) and extreme (99th percentile) significant wave height and, for the first time at the regional Mediterranean Sea scale, for the typical and extreme expected maximum individual wave height of sea states. The climate variability of wind waves is evaluated at seasonal scale by proposing and adopting a definition of seasons for the Mediterranean Sea states that is based on the satellite altimetry wave observations of stormy (winter) and calm (summer) months. The results, initially presented for the four seasons and then for winter and summer only, show the regions of the basin where largest waves occur and those with the largest temporal variability. A possible relationship with the atmospheric parameter anomalies and with teleconnection patterns (through climate indices) that motivates such variability is investigated, with results suggesting that the Scandinavian index variability is the most correlated to the Mediterranean Sea wind-wave variability, especially for typical winter sea states. Finally, a trend analysis shows that the Mediterranean Sea typical and extreme significant and maximum individual wave heights are decreasing during summer and increasing during winter.Francesco BarbariolSilvio DavisonFrancesco Marcello FalcieriRossella FerrettiRossella FerrettiAntonio RicchiAntonio RicchiMauro SclavoAlvise BenetazzoFrontiers Media S.A.articlewave climateMediterranean SeaERA5maximum wavesclimate indicesclimate trendsScienceQGeneral. Including nature conservation, geographical distributionQH1-199.5ENFrontiers in Marine Science, Vol 8 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	wave climate Mediterranean Sea ERA5 maximum waves climate indices climate trends Science Q General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution QH1-199.5
spellingShingle	wave climate Mediterranean Sea ERA5 maximum waves climate indices climate trends Science Q General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution QH1-199.5 Francesco Barbariol Silvio Davison Francesco Marcello Falcieri Rossella Ferretti Rossella Ferretti Antonio Ricchi Antonio Ricchi Mauro Sclavo Alvise Benetazzo Wind Waves in the Mediterranean Sea: An ERA5 Reanalysis Wind-Based Climatology
description	A climatology of the wind waves in the Mediterranean Sea is presented. The climate patterns, their spatio-temporal variability and change are based on a 40-year (1980–2019) wave hindcast, obtained by combining the ERA5 reanalysis wind forcing with the state-of-the-art WAVEWATCH III spectral wave model and verified against satellite altimetry. Results are presented for the typical (50th percentile) and extreme (99th percentile) significant wave height and, for the first time at the regional Mediterranean Sea scale, for the typical and extreme expected maximum individual wave height of sea states. The climate variability of wind waves is evaluated at seasonal scale by proposing and adopting a definition of seasons for the Mediterranean Sea states that is based on the satellite altimetry wave observations of stormy (winter) and calm (summer) months. The results, initially presented for the four seasons and then for winter and summer only, show the regions of the basin where largest waves occur and those with the largest temporal variability. A possible relationship with the atmospheric parameter anomalies and with teleconnection patterns (through climate indices) that motivates such variability is investigated, with results suggesting that the Scandinavian index variability is the most correlated to the Mediterranean Sea wind-wave variability, especially for typical winter sea states. Finally, a trend analysis shows that the Mediterranean Sea typical and extreme significant and maximum individual wave heights are decreasing during summer and increasing during winter.
format	article
author	Francesco Barbariol Silvio Davison Francesco Marcello Falcieri Rossella Ferretti Rossella Ferretti Antonio Ricchi Antonio Ricchi Mauro Sclavo Alvise Benetazzo
author_facet	Francesco Barbariol Silvio Davison Francesco Marcello Falcieri Rossella Ferretti Rossella Ferretti Antonio Ricchi Antonio Ricchi Mauro Sclavo Alvise Benetazzo
author_sort	Francesco Barbariol
title	Wind Waves in the Mediterranean Sea: An ERA5 Reanalysis Wind-Based Climatology
title_short	Wind Waves in the Mediterranean Sea: An ERA5 Reanalysis Wind-Based Climatology
title_full	Wind Waves in the Mediterranean Sea: An ERA5 Reanalysis Wind-Based Climatology
title_fullStr	Wind Waves in the Mediterranean Sea: An ERA5 Reanalysis Wind-Based Climatology
title_full_unstemmed	Wind Waves in the Mediterranean Sea: An ERA5 Reanalysis Wind-Based Climatology
title_sort	wind waves in the mediterranean sea: an era5 reanalysis wind-based climatology
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/b393a234db234052a9c7f5666191f6fa
work_keys_str_mv	AT francescobarbariol windwavesinthemediterraneanseaanera5reanalysiswindbasedclimatology AT silviodavison windwavesinthemediterraneanseaanera5reanalysiswindbasedclimatology AT francescomarcellofalcieri windwavesinthemediterraneanseaanera5reanalysiswindbasedclimatology AT rossellaferretti windwavesinthemediterraneanseaanera5reanalysiswindbasedclimatology AT rossellaferretti windwavesinthemediterraneanseaanera5reanalysiswindbasedclimatology AT antonioricchi windwavesinthemediterraneanseaanera5reanalysiswindbasedclimatology AT antonioricchi windwavesinthemediterraneanseaanera5reanalysiswindbasedclimatology AT maurosclavo windwavesinthemediterraneanseaanera5reanalysiswindbasedclimatology AT alvisebenetazzo windwavesinthemediterraneanseaanera5reanalysiswindbasedclimatology
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Wind Waves in the Mediterranean Sea: An ERA5 Reanalysis Wind-Based Climatology

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