Risk factors for congenital cryptorchidism in a prospective birth cohort study.

<h4>Background</h4>Risk factors for congenital cryptorchidism were investigated in a prospective birth cohort study in Denmark and Finland from 1997 to 2001.<h4>Methodology and principal findings</h4>In total, 2,496 boys were examined for cryptorchidism at birth (cryptorchid/...

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Autores principales:	Ida N Damgaard, Tina K Jensen, Nordic Cryptorchidism Study Group, Jørgen H Petersen, Niels E Skakkebaek, Jorma Toppari, Katharina M Main
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2008
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/b3d67114ccc546c4a39b6dcfd7ae9b14
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:b3d67114ccc546c4a39b6dcfd7ae9b142021-11-25T06:18:52ZRisk factors for congenital cryptorchidism in a prospective birth cohort study.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0003051https://doaj.org/article/b3d67114ccc546c4a39b6dcfd7ae9b142008-08-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/18725961/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203<h4>Background</h4>Risk factors for congenital cryptorchidism were investigated in a prospective birth cohort study in Denmark and Finland from 1997 to 2001.<h4>Methodology and principal findings</h4>In total, 2,496 boys were examined for cryptorchidism at birth (cryptorchid/healthy: 128/2,368) and three months old (33/2,215). Information on risk factors was obtained antenatally (questionnaire/interview) or at birth from birth records. Use of nicotine substitutes during pregnancy (n = 40) and infertility treatment by intrauterine insemination (n = 49) were associated with an increased risk for cryptorchidism, adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) (OR (95%CI)) 3.04 (95%CI 1.00-9.27) and 3.01 (95%CI 1.27-7.15), respectively. No association was seen for mothers (n = 79) who had infertility treatment in form of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) or in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment (OR 0.71 95%CI 0.21-2.38). In total, 728 (29%) reported to have smoked during pregnancy, however, no increased risk among maternal smokers was found. Furthermore, we found statistically significant associations between cryptorchidism and low birth weight, prematurity, being small for gestational age, substantial vaginal bleeding, and breech presentation, which are in accordance with other studies.<h4>Conclusions and significance</h4>Our study revealed two novel risk factors for cryptorchidism: intrauterine insemination and the use of nicotine substitutes in pregnancy. This suggests that cryptorchidism may not only be associated to genetic factors, but also to maternal lifestyle and exposure.Ida N DamgaardTina K JensenNordic Cryptorchidism Study GroupJørgen H PetersenNiels E SkakkebaekJorma ToppariKatharina M MainPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 3, Iss 8, p e3051 (2008)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Ida N Damgaard Tina K Jensen Nordic Cryptorchidism Study Group Jørgen H Petersen Niels E Skakkebaek Jorma Toppari Katharina M Main Risk factors for congenital cryptorchidism in a prospective birth cohort study.
description	<h4>Background</h4>Risk factors for congenital cryptorchidism were investigated in a prospective birth cohort study in Denmark and Finland from 1997 to 2001.<h4>Methodology and principal findings</h4>In total, 2,496 boys were examined for cryptorchidism at birth (cryptorchid/healthy: 128/2,368) and three months old (33/2,215). Information on risk factors was obtained antenatally (questionnaire/interview) or at birth from birth records. Use of nicotine substitutes during pregnancy (n = 40) and infertility treatment by intrauterine insemination (n = 49) were associated with an increased risk for cryptorchidism, adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) (OR (95%CI)) 3.04 (95%CI 1.00-9.27) and 3.01 (95%CI 1.27-7.15), respectively. No association was seen for mothers (n = 79) who had infertility treatment in form of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) or in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment (OR 0.71 95%CI 0.21-2.38). In total, 728 (29%) reported to have smoked during pregnancy, however, no increased risk among maternal smokers was found. Furthermore, we found statistically significant associations between cryptorchidism and low birth weight, prematurity, being small for gestational age, substantial vaginal bleeding, and breech presentation, which are in accordance with other studies.<h4>Conclusions and significance</h4>Our study revealed two novel risk factors for cryptorchidism: intrauterine insemination and the use of nicotine substitutes in pregnancy. This suggests that cryptorchidism may not only be associated to genetic factors, but also to maternal lifestyle and exposure.
format	article
author	Ida N Damgaard Tina K Jensen Nordic Cryptorchidism Study Group Jørgen H Petersen Niels E Skakkebaek Jorma Toppari Katharina M Main
author_facet	Ida N Damgaard Tina K Jensen Nordic Cryptorchidism Study Group Jørgen H Petersen Niels E Skakkebaek Jorma Toppari Katharina M Main
author_sort	Ida N Damgaard
title	Risk factors for congenital cryptorchidism in a prospective birth cohort study.
title_short	Risk factors for congenital cryptorchidism in a prospective birth cohort study.
title_full	Risk factors for congenital cryptorchidism in a prospective birth cohort study.
title_fullStr	Risk factors for congenital cryptorchidism in a prospective birth cohort study.
title_full_unstemmed	Risk factors for congenital cryptorchidism in a prospective birth cohort study.
title_sort	risk factors for congenital cryptorchidism in a prospective birth cohort study.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2008
url	https://doaj.org/article/b3d67114ccc546c4a39b6dcfd7ae9b14
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Risk factors for congenital cryptorchidism in a prospective birth cohort study.

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